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Bitcoin is a decentralised digital currency that serves as an alternative to existing transaction systems based on an external central authority for security. Although Bitcoin has many desirable properties, one of its fundamental…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-10-07 Georgios Birmpas , Elias Koutsoupias , Philip Lazos , Francisco J. Marmolejo-Cossío

A blockchain, such as Bitcoin, is an append-only, secure, transparent, distributed ledger. A fair blockchain is expected to have healthy metrics; high honest mining power, low processing latency, i.e., low wait times for transactions and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-03-03 Shoeb Siddiqui , Ganesh Vanahalli , Sujit Gujar

In blockchain systems, fair transaction ordering is crucial for a trusted and regulation-compliant economic ecosystem. Unlike traditional State Machine Replication (SMR) systems, which focus solely on liveness and safety, blockchain systems…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-01-13 Shir Cohen , Neel Basu , Soumya Basu , Lorenzo Alvisi

Blockchains, and specifically smart contracts, have promised to create fair and transparent trading ecosystems. Unfortunately, we show that this promise has not been met. We document and quantify the widespread and rising deployment of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-04-11 Philip Daian , Steven Goldfeder , Tyler Kell , Yunqi Li , Xueyuan Zhao , Iddo Bentov , Lorenz Breidenbach , Ari Juels

The present dissertation addresses the problem of fairly distributing shared resources in non-commercial blockchain networks. Blockchains are distributed systems that order and timestamp records of a given network of users, in a public,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-24 Serdar Metin

Byzantine general problem is the core problem of the consensus algorithm, and many protocols are proposed recently to improve the decentralization level, the performance and the security of the blockchain. There are two challenging issues…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2019-07-09 Tzu-Wei Chao , Hao Chung , Po-Chun Kuo

A blockchain is a distributed ledger for recording transactions, maintained by many nodes without central authority through a distributed cryptographic protocol. All nodes validate the information to be appended to the blockchain, and a…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2017-07-10 Christian Cachin , Marko Vukolić

Modern blockchains guarantee that submitted transactions will be included eventually; a property formally known as liveness. But financial activity requires transactions to be included in a timely manner. Unfortunately, classical liveness…

Theoretical Economics · Economics 2023-06-27 Elijah Fox , Mallesh Pai , Max Resnick

Bitcoin uses blockchain technology to maintain transactions order and provides probabilistic guarantee to prevent double-spending, assuming that an attacker's computational power does not exceed %50 of the network power. In this paper, we…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-11-19 Ghader Ebrahimpour , Mohammad Sayad Haghighi

Blockchains lie at the heart of Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies that have shown great promise to revolutionize finance and commerce. Although they are gaining increasing popularity, they face technical challenges when it comes to scaling…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-09-22 Anurag Jain , Sujit Gujar , Kannan Srinathan

Cryptocurrencies are poised to revolutionize the modern economy by democratizing commerce. These currencies operate on top of blockchain-based distributed ledgers. Existing permissionless blockchain-based protocols offer unparalleled…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-03-25 Anurag Jain , Sanidhay Arora , Sankarshan Damle , Sujit Gujar

Blockchain protocols incentivize participation through monetary rewards, assuming rational actors behave honestly to maximize their gains. However, attackers may attempt to harm others even at personal cost. These denial of profit attacks…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Arian Baloochestani , Leander Jehl

Distributed consensus mechanisms have been widely researched and made popular with a number of blockchain-based token applications, such as Bitcoin, and Ethereum. Although these general-purpose platforms have matured for scale and security,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-04-28 Steven Platt , Miquel Oliver-Riera

An emerging blockchain protocol design pattern leverages the asymmetry between the computational effort in performing versus verifying tasks. For example, cryptographic validity proofs (e.g., SNARKS) require the prover to expend significant…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Maryam Bahrani , Michael Neuder , S. Matthew Weinberg

A decentralized blockchain is a distributed ledger that is often used as a platform for exchanging goods and services. This ledger is maintained by a network of nodes that obeys a set of rules, called a consensus protocol, which helps to…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-01-03 Lucy Klinger , Lei Zhang , Zhennan Zhou

Cloud auctions provide cost-effective strategies for cloud VM allocation. Most existing cloud auctions simply assume that the auctioneer is trustable, and thus the fairness of auctions can be easily achieved. However, in fact, such a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-01-06 Zhili Chen , Wei Ding , Yan Xu , Miaomiao Tian , Hong Zhong

Decentralized blockchain platforms have enabled the secure exchange of crypto-assets without the intermediation of trusted authorities. To this purpose, these platforms rely on a peer-to-peer network of byzantine nodes, which…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-06-22 Massimo Bartoletti , Letterio Galletta , Maurizio Murgia

Blockchain technology, a foundational distributed ledger system, enables secure and transparent multi-party transactions. Despite its advantages, blockchain networks are susceptible to anomalies and frauds, posing significant risks to their…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-02-20 Joerg Osterrieder , Stephen Chan , Jeffrey Chu , Yuanyuan Zhang , Branka Hadji Misheva , Codruta Mare

Trading data through blockchain platforms is hard to achieve \textit{fair exchange}. Reasons come from two folds: Firstly, guaranteeing fairness between sellers and consumers is a challenging task as the deception of any participating…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-11-01 Erya Jiang , Bo Qin , Qin Wang , Qianhong Wu , Sanxi Li , Wenchang Shi , Yingxin Bi , Wenyi Tang

Many blockchain platform are subject to maximal value extraction (MEV), and users on the platform are losing money while sending transactions because the transaction order can be manipulated to extract value from them. Consensus protocols…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-01-05 Bowen Xue , Sreeram Kannan