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This paper presents a novel closed-form solution for a low-order system frequency response (SFR) model that is accurate for all time periods and an accompanying approximation for representing primary frequency responses at two different…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-10-05 Julius Susanto , Alireza Fereidouni , Pierluigi Mancarella , Dean Sharafi

As more inverter-connected renewable resources are integrated into the grid, frequency stability may degrade because of the reduction in mechanical inertia and damping. A common approach to mitigate this degradation in performance is to use…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-12-30 Wenqi Cui , Yan Jiang , Baosen Zhang

Low-order frequency response models for power systems have a decades-long history in optimization and control problems such as unit commitment, economic dispatch, and wide-area control. With a few exceptions, these models are built upon the…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-10 Marena Trujillo , Amir Sajadi , Bri-Mathias Hodge

Traditionally, power system's inertia has been estimated according to the rotating masses directly connected to the grid. However, a new generation mix scenario is currently identified, where conventional supply-side is gradually replaced…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-11-04 Ana Fernández-Guillamón , Emilio Gómez-Lázaro , Angel Molina-García

The rapid growth of renewable energy sources has significantly reduced system inertia and increased the need for fast frequency response (FFR) in modern power systems. Data centers, as large and flexible electrical consumers, hold great…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-12-17 Xiaojie Tao , Rajit Gadh

Cellular networks are constantly lagging in terms of the bandwidth needed to support the growing high data rate demands. The system needs to efficiently allocate its frequency spectrum such that the spectrum utilization can be maximized…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2018-10-08 Mostafa Zaman Chowdhury , Md. Tanvir Hossan , Yeong Min Jang

The increase in renewable energy sources (RES) has reduced power system inertia, making frequency stabilization more challenging and highlighting the need for fast frequency response (FFR) resources. While building energy management systems…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-03-10 Joonsung Jung , Hyunjoong Kim , Hyunghwan Shin , Jip Kim

Low-carbon societies will need to store vast amounts of electricity to balance intermittent generation from wind and solar energy, for example, through frequency regulation. Here, we derive an analytical solution to the decision-making…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-03-27 Dirk Lauinger , François Vuille , Daniel Kuhn

The electric grid is undergoing a major transition from fossil fuel-based power generation to renewable energy sources, typically interfaced to the grid via power electronics. The future power systems are thus expected to face increased…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-07-13 Ognjen Stanojev , Ognjen Kundacina , Uros Markovic , Evangelos Vrettos , Petros Aristidou , Gabriela Hug

Next generation wireless networks face the challenge of increasing energy consumption while satisfying the unprecedented increase in the data rate demand. To address this problem, we propose a utility-based energy-efficient resource…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2014-10-23 Kemal Davaslioglu , Cemil Can Coskun , Ender Ayanoglu

The need for Enhanced Frequency Response (EFR) is expected to increase significantly in future low-carbon Great Britain (GB) power system. One way to provide EFR is to use power electronic compensators (PECs) for point-of-load voltage…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-01-20 Jinrui Guo , Luis Badesa , Fei Teng , Balarko Chaudhuri , Shu Yuen Ron Hui , Goran Strbac

High renewable penetration has significantly reduced system inertia in modern power grids, increasing the need for fast frequency response (FFR) from distributed and non-traditional resources. While electric vehicles (EVs), data centers,…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-12-17 Xiaojie Tao , Rajit Gadh

Frequency performance has been a crucial issue for islanded microgrids. On the one hand, most distributed energy resources (DER) are converter-interfaced and do not inherently respond to frequency variations. On the other hand, current…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2018-09-12 Yichen Zhang , Alexander M. Melin , Seddik M. Djouadi , Mohammed M. Olama , Kevin Tomsovic

With the increasing penetration of converter-interfaced distributed generation systems, it would be advantageous to specify local compliance criteria for these devices to ensure the small-signal stability of the interconnected system.…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-07-21 Kaustav Dey , Anil Kulkarni

Sizing frequency control ancillary service (FCAS) requirements is crucial for the reliable operation of power systems amid a continuous influx of variable renewable energy (VRE) generation. Reserve sizing is especially pertinent for the…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-01-06 Elgar John S. del Rosario , Jordan Rel C. Orillaza

The increasing penetration of non-synchronous renewable energy sources (NS-RES) alters the dynamic characteristic, and consequently, the frequency behaviour of a power system. To accurately identify these changing trends and address them in…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2017-08-03 Ahmad Shabir Ahmadyar , Shariq Riaz , Gregor Verbic , Archie Chapman , David J. Hill

The increasing penetration of renewable energy leads to a continuous reduction in system inertia, for which conventional synchronization criteria based solely on frequency consistency can no longer accurately capture the coupled dynamics of…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-24 Yusen Wei , Lan Tang , Peidong Li

The power system frequency is important for the system overall stability. However, there does not exist a single measurement point of the system frequency due to the distributed nature of the system inertia and the small inconsistency of…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-04-23 Shutang You , Hongyu Li , Shengyuan Liu , Kaiqi Sun , Weikang Wang , Wei Qiu , Yilu Liu

We present a method to design distributed generation and demand control schemes for primary frequency regulation in power networks that guarantee asymptotic stability and ensure fairness of allocation. We impose a passivity condition on net…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2016-02-10 Andreas Kasis , Eoin Devane , Ioannis Lestas

The declining provision of inertia by synchronous generators in modern power systems necessitates aggregating distributed energy resources (DERs) into virtual power plants (VPPs) to unlock their potential in delivering inertia and primary…

General Economics · Economics 2026-01-27 Changsen Feng , Zhongliang Huang , Jun Lin , Licheng Wang , Youbing Zhang , Fushuan Wen