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A (1,{\lambda})-embedded graph is a graph that can be embedded on a surface with Euler characteristic {\lambda} so that each edge is crossed by at most one other edge. A graph G is called {\alpha}-linear if there exists an integral constant…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2011-12-08 Xin Zhang , Guizhen Liu , Jian-Liang Wu

For a non-decreasing positive integer sequence $S = (s_{1}, \dots, s_{k})$, an $S$-packing edge-coloring of a graph $G$ is a partition of the edge set of $G$ into subsets $E_{1}, \dots, E_{k}$ such that for each $1 \leq i \leq k$, the…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-09-16 Jingxi Hou , Tao Wang , Xiaojing Yang

A graph drawn in a surface is a near-quadrangulation if the sum of the lengths of the faces different from 4-faces is bounded by a fixed constant. We leverage duality between colorings and flows to design an efficient algorithm for…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2023-03-13 Caroline Bang , Zdeněk Dvořák , Emily Heath , Bernard Lidický

We study immersed surfaces in smooth 4-manifolds via singular banded unlink diagrams. Such a diagram consists of a singular link with bands inside a Kirby diagram of the ambient 4-manifold, representing a level set of the surface with…

Geometric Topology · Mathematics 2025-07-02 Mark Hughes , Seungwon Kim , Maggie Miller

There is empirical evidence supporting the claim that almost all cubic non-Hamiltonian graphs are bridge graphs. In this paper, we pose a related conjecture and prove that the original claim holds for non-3-connected graphs if the…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2019-08-29 Rishi Advani

We give diagrammatic algorithms for computing the group trisection, homology groups, and intersection form of a closed, orientable, smooth 4-manifold, presented as a branched cover of a bridge-trisected surface in $\mathbb{S}^{4}$. The…

Geometric Topology · Mathematics 2023-08-24 Patricia Cahn , Gordana Matic , Benjamin Ruppik

Simplicial surfaces describe the incidence relations between vertices, edges and faces of triangulated 2-dimensional manifolds in a purely combinatorial way. By considering only the incidences of edges and faces, simplicial surfaces are…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-06-26 Meike Weiß , Alice C. Niemeyer

A set $R\subseteq E(G)$ of a graph $G$ is $k$-removable if $G-R$ has a nowhere-zero $k$-flow. We prove that every graph $G$ admitting a nowhere-zero $4$-flow has a $3$-removable subset consisting of at most $\frac{1}{6}|E(G)|$ edges. This…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-11-04 Davide Mattiolo

A normal 5-edge-coloring of a cubic graph is a coloring such that for every edge the number of distinct colors incident to its end-vertices is 3 or 5 (and not 4). The well known Petersen Coloring Conjecture is equivalent to the statement…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2023-12-18 Jelena Sedlar , Riste Škrekovski

An injective $k$-edge-coloring of a graph $G$ is an assignment of colors, i.e. integers in $\{1, \ldots , k\}$, to the edges of $G$ such that any two edges each incident with one distinct endpoint of a third edge, receive distinct colors.…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2021-04-19 Florent Foucaud , Hervé Hocquard , Dimitri Lajou

The purpose of the present paper is twofold: firstly to extend to non-orientable compact 4-manifolds the notion of gem-induced trisection, directly obtained from colored triangulations (or, equivalently, from colored graphs encoding them,…

Geometric Topology · Mathematics 2025-01-29 Maria Rita Casali , Paola Cristofori

Meier and Zupan proved that an orientable surface $\mathcal{K}$ in $S^4$ admits a tri-plane diagram with zero crossings if and only if $\mathcal{K}$ is unknotted, so that the crossing number of $\mathcal{K}$ is zero. We determine the…

A long-standing conjecture of Berge suggests that every bridgeless cubic graph can be expressed as a union of at most five perfect matchings. This conjecture trivially holds for $3$-edge-colourable cubic graphs, but remains widely open for…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-01-10 Ján Karabáš , Edita Máčajová , Roman Nedela , Martin Škoviera

The Berge-Fulkerson conjecture states that every bridgeless cubic graph can be covered with six perfect matchings such that each edge is covered exactly twice. An equivalent reformulation is that it's possible to find a 6-cycle 4-cover. In…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2026-03-25 Nikolay Ulyanov

We show that triangle-free graphs that do not contain an induced subgraph isomorphic to a subdivision of K4 are 3-colorable. This proves a conjecture of Trotignon and Vuskovic.

Let M be a compressionbody containing a graph T (with at least one edge) such that \boundary_+ M is parallel to the union of T and \boundary_- M. We extend methods of Hayashi and Shimokawa to classify bridge surfaces for T. The results of…

Geometric Topology · Mathematics 2009-12-21 Scott A. Taylor , Maggy Tomova

There is a well-known way to describe a link diagram as a (signed) plane graph, called its Tait graph. This concept was recently extended, providing a way to associate a set of embedded graphs (or ribbon graphs) to a link diagram. While…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2014-10-01 Iain Moffatt

A normal odd partition T of the edges of a cubic graph is a partition into trails of odd length (no repeated edge) such that each vertex is the end vertex of exactly one trail of the partition and internal in some trail. For each vertex v,…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2012-01-30 Jean-Luc Fouquet , Jean-Marie Vanherpe

We consider cell colorings of drawings of graphs in the plane. Given a multi-graph $G$ together with a drawing $\Gamma(G)$ in the plane with only finitely many crossings, we define a cell $k$-coloring of $\Gamma(G)$ to be a coloring of the…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2022-08-30 Christoph Hertrich , Felix Schröder , Raphael Steiner

In the present paper, we propose a new discrete surface theory on 3-valent embedded graphs in the 3-dimensional Euclidean space which are not necessarily discretization or approximation of smooth surfaces. The Gauss curvature and the mean…

Differential Geometry · Mathematics 2016-01-28 Motoko Kotani , Hisashi Naito , Toshiaki Omori