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In this paper, we propose SinTra, an auto-regressive sequential generative model that can learn from a single multi-track music segment, to generate coherent, aesthetic, and variable polyphonic music of multi-instruments with an arbitrary…

Sound · Computer Science 2022-04-22 Qingwei Song , Qiwei Sun , Dongsheng Guo , Haiyong Zheng

We present and release MIDI-GPT, a generative system based on the Transformer architecture that is designed for computer-assisted music composition workflows. MIDI-GPT supports the infilling of musical material at the track and bar level,…

Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNS) are now widely used on sequence generation tasks due to their ability to learn long-range dependencies and to generate sequences of arbitrary length. However, their left-to-right generation procedure only…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2017-09-20 Gaëtan Hadjeres , Frank Nielsen

Multitrack music transcription aims to transcribe a music audio input into the musical notes of multiple instruments simultaneously. It is a very challenging task that typically requires a more complex model to achieve satisfactory result.…

Sound · Computer Science 2023-06-21 Wei-Tsung Lu , Ju-Chiang Wang , Yun-Ning Hung

Tokenizing music to fit the general framework of language models is a compelling challenge, especially considering the diverse symbolic structures in which music can be represented (e.g., sequences, grids, and graphs). To date, most…

Sound · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Lekai Qian , Haoyu Gu , Jingwei Zhao , Ziyu Wang

Generating expressive conducting gestures from music is a challenging cross-modal motion synthesis problem: the output must follow long-range musical structure, preserve beat-level synchronization, and remain plausible as a fine-grained 3D…

Sound · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Ke Qiu , Yawen Qin , Tianzhi Jia , Xiaole Yang , Kaimin Wang , Kaixing Yang

AI-based music generation has made significant progress in recent years. However, generating symbolic music that is both long-structured and expressive remains a significant challenge. In this paper, we propose PerceiverS (Segmentation and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Yungang Yi , Weihua Li , Matthew Kuo , Quan Bai

This paper is a survey and an analysis of different ways of using deep learning (deep artificial neural networks) to generate musical content. We propose a methodology based on five dimensions for our analysis: Objective - What musical…

Sound · Computer Science 2019-08-09 Jean-Pierre Briot , Gaëtan Hadjeres , François-David Pachet

Recent music generation methods based on transformers have a context window of up to a minute. The music generated by these methods is largely unstructured beyond the context window. With a longer context window, learning long-scale…

Sound · Computer Science 2024-10-08 Lilac Atassi

Moonbeam is a transformer-based foundation model for symbolic music, pretrained on a large and diverse collection of MIDI data totaling 81.6K hours of music and 18 billion tokens. Moonbeam incorporates music-domain inductive biases by…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-05-22 Zixun Guo , Simon Dixon

Traditionally, music was treated as an analogue signal and was generated manually. In recent years, music is conspicuous to technology which can generate a suite of music automatically without any human intervention. To accomplish this…

Sound · Computer Science 2019-08-06 Sanidhya Mangal , Rahul Modak , Poorva Joshi

Symbolic music generation faces a fundamental trade-off between efficiency and quality. Fine-grained tokenizations achieve strong coherence but incur long sequences and high complexity, while compact tokenizations improve efficiency at the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Ting-Kang Wang , Chih-Pin Tan , Yi-Hsuan Yang

Representing symbolic music with compound tokens, where each token consists of several different sub-tokens representing a distinct musical feature or attribute, offers the advantage of reducing sequence length. While previous research has…

Sound · Computer Science 2026-03-17 HaeJun Yoo , Hao-Wen Dong , Jongmin Jung , Dasaem Jeong

Recently, symbolic music generation with deep learning techniques has witnessed steady improvements. Most works on this topic focus on MIDI representations, but less attention has been paid to symbolic music generation using guitar…

Sound · Computer Science 2023-02-13 Pedro Sarmento , Adarsh Kumar , Yu-Hua Chen , CJ Carr , Zack Zukowski , Mathieu Barthet

Transformers have a potential of learning longer-term dependency, but are limited by a fixed-length context in the setting of language modeling. We propose a novel neural architecture Transformer-XL that enables learning dependency beyond a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-06-04 Zihang Dai , Zhilin Yang , Yiming Yang , Jaime Carbonell , Quoc V. Le , Ruslan Salakhutdinov

Pitch and meter are two fundamental music features for symbolic music generation tasks, where researchers usually choose different encoding methods depending on specific goals. However, the advantages and drawbacks of different encoding…

Sound · Computer Science 2023-02-01 Yuqiang Li , Shengchen Li , George Fazekas

Automatic Music Transcription (AMT), inferring musical notes from raw audio, is a challenging task at the core of music understanding. Unlike Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR), which typically focuses on the words of a single speaker, AMT…

Sound · Computer Science 2022-03-16 Josh Gardner , Ian Simon , Ethan Manilow , Curtis Hawthorne , Jesse Engel

Although a variety of transformers have been proposed for symbolic music generation in recent years, there is still little comprehensive study on how specific design choices affect the quality of the generated music. In this work, we…

Dance-driven music generation aims to generate musical pieces conditioned on dance videos. Previous works focus on monophonic or raw audio generation, while the multi-instruments scenario is under-explored. The challenges associated with…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2024-02-28 Bo Han , Yuheng Li , Yixuan Shen , Yi Ren , Feilin Han

We propose an application of sequence generative adversarial networks (SeqGAN), which are generative adversarial networks for discrete sequence generation, for creating polyphonic musical sequences. Instead of a monophonic melody generation…

Sound · Computer Science 2018-07-03 Sang-gil Lee , Uiwon Hwang , Seonwoo Min , Sungroh Yoon