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We consider the idealized setting of gradient flow on the population risk for infinitely wide two-layer ReLU neural networks (without bias), and study the effect of symmetries on the learned parameters and predictors. We first describe a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-10 Karl Hajjar , Lenaic Chizat

The mean-field theory for two-layer neural networks considers infinitely wide networks that are linearly parameterized by a probability measure over the parameter space. This nonparametric perspective has significantly advanced both the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-08 Sinho Chewi , Philippe Rigollet , Yuling Yan

In finite dimension, the long-time and metastable behavior of a gradient flow perturbated by a small Brownian noise is well understood. A similar situation arises when a Wasserstein gradient flow over a space of probability measure is…

Probability · Mathematics 2025-10-21 Pierre Monmarché

The optimization problem behind neural networks is highly non-convex. Training with stochastic gradient descent and variants requires careful parameter tuning and provides no guarantee to achieve the global optimum. In contrast we show…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2016-10-31 Antoine Gautier , Quynh Nguyen , Matthias Hein

We propose a general method to identify nonlinear Fokker--Planck--Kolmogorov equations (FPK equations) as gradient flows on the space of probability measures on $\mathbb{R}^d$ with a natural differential geometry. Our notion of gradient…

Analysis of PDEs · Mathematics 2024-11-11 Marco Rehmeier , Michael Röckner

We analyse the convergence of one-hidden-layer ReLU networks trained by gradient flow on $n$ data points. Our main contribution leverages the high dimensionality of the ambient space, which implies low correlation of the input samples, to…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-12-02 Léo Dana , Francis Bach , Loucas Pillaud-Vivien

We consider a Fokker-Planck equation which is coupled to an externally given time-dependent constraint on its first moment. This constraint introduces a Lagrange-multiplier which renders the equation nonlocal and nonlinear. In this paper we…

Analysis of PDEs · Mathematics 2018-11-28 Simon Eberle , Barbara Niethammer , André Schlichting

In this paper, we present new second-order algorithms for composite convex optimization, called Contracting-domain Newton methods. These algorithms are affine-invariant and based on global second-order lower approximation for the smooth…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2020-12-23 Nikita Doikov , Yurii Nesterov

Wasserstein gradient flows on probability measures have found a host of applications in various optimization problems. They typically arise as the continuum limit of exchangeable particle systems evolving by some mean-field interaction…

Probability · Mathematics 2023-06-30 Sewoong Oh , Soumik Pal , Raghav Somani , Raghavendra Tripathi

A nonlinear parabolic equation of sixth order is analyzed. The equation arises as a reduction of a model from quantum statistical mechanics, and also as the gradient flow of a second-order information functional with respect to the…

Analysis of PDEs · Mathematics 2021-08-25 Daniel Matthes , Eva-Maria Rott

Numerous infinite dimensional dynamical systems arising in different fields have been shown to exhibit a gradient flow structure in the Wasserstein space. We construct Two Point Flux Approximation Finite Volume schemes discretizing such…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2020-06-29 Andrea Natale , Gabriele Todeschi

Many supervised machine learning methods are naturally cast as optimization problems. For prediction models which are linear in their parameters, this often leads to convex problems for which many mathematical guarantees exist. Models which…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-18 Francis Bach , Lenaïc Chizat

The $E$-optimality criterion for a regression model maximizes the smallest eigenvalue of the information matrix and becomes non-differentiable when this eigenvalue has multiplicity greater than one. Working in the $2$-Wasserstein space, we…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-04-17 Jieling Shi , Kim-Chuan Toh , Xin T. Tong , Weng Kee Wong

A fairly comprehensive analysis is presented for the gradient descent dynamics for training two-layer neural network models in the situation when the parameters in both layers are updated. General initialization schemes as well as general…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-02-27 Weinan E , Chao Ma , Lei Wu

Multi-task learning through composite loss functions is fundamental to modern deep learning, yet optimizing competing objectives remains challenging. We present new theoretical and practical approaches for addressing directional conflicts…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-22 Sifan Wang , Ananyae Kumar Bhartari , Bowen Li , Paris Perdikaris

We study the so-called distributed two-time-scale gradient method for solving convex optimization problems over a network of agents when the communication bandwidth between the nodes is limited, and so information that is exchanged between…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-06-01 Marcos M. Vasconcelos , Thinh T. Doan , Urbashi Mitra

In this paper we bring together some of the key ideas and methods of two disparate fields of mathematical research, frame theory and optimal transport, using the methods of the second to answer questions posed in the first. In particular,…

Functional Analysis · Mathematics 2022-12-01 Clare Wickman , Kasso Okoudjou

In this paper, we propose a novel numerical scheme to optimize the gradient flows for learning energy-based models (EBMs). From a perspective of physical simulation, we redefine the problem of approximating the gradient flow utilizing…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-05-01 Yang Wu , Pengxu Wei , Liang Lin

We develop tools to construct Lyapunov functionals on the space of probability measures in order to investigate the convergence to global equilibrium of a damped Euler system under the influence of external and interaction potential forces…

Analysis of PDEs · Mathematics 2022-03-31 José A. Carrillo , Young-Pil Choi , Oliver Tse

In this paper, we provide a convergence rate for particle approximations of a class of second-order PDEs on Wasserstein space. We show that, up to some error term, the infinite-dimensional inf(sup)-convolution of the finite-dimensional…

Analysis of PDEs · Mathematics 2025-01-15 Erhan Bayraktar , Ibrahim Ekren , Xin Zhang