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Automated scoring engines are increasingly being used to score the free-form text responses that students give to questions. Such engines are not designed to appropriately deal with responses that a human reader would find alarming such as…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2018-09-25 Christopher M. Ormerod , Amy E. Harris

Task oriented language understanding in dialog systems is often modeled using intents (task of a query) and slots (parameters for that task). Intent detection and slot tagging are, in turn, modeled using sentence classification and word…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-11-14 Arash Einolghozati , Sonal Gupta , Mrinal Mohit , Rushin Shah

Sentiment Analysis Systems (SASs) are data-driven Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems that, given a piece of text, assign one or more numbers conveying the polarity and emotional intensity expressed in the input. Like other automatic…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-02-07 Kausik Lakkaraju , Biplav Srivastava , Marco Valtorta

Automatic machine learning systems can inadvertently accentuate and perpetuate inappropriate human biases. Past work on examining inappropriate biases has largely focused on just individual systems. Further, there is no benchmark dataset…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-05-14 Svetlana Kiritchenko , Saif M. Mohammad

Data augmentation can mitigate limited training data in machine-learning automated scoring engines for constructed response items. This study seeks to determine how well three approaches to large language model prompting produce essays that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-09 Edward W. Wolfe , Justin O. Barber

The theory of boosting provides a computational framework for aggregating approximate weak learning algorithms, which perform marginally better than a random predictor, into an accurate strong learner. In the realizable case, the success of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-01 Udaya Ghai , Karan Singh

Now that AI-driven moderation has become pervasive in everyday life, we often hear claims that "the AI is biased". While this is often said jokingly, the light-hearted remark reflects a deeper concern. How can we be certain that an online…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-02 Subhojit Ghimire

Scoring systems are commonly seen for platforms in the era of big data. From credit scoring systems in financial services to membership scores in E-commerce shopping platforms, platform managers use such systems to guide users towards the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-20 Xiangguo Sun , Hong Cheng , Hang Dong , Bo Qiao , Si Qin , Qingwei Lin

Grammatical error detection and automated essay scoring are two tasks in the area of automated assessment. Traditionally these tasks have been treated independently with different machine learning models and features used for each task. In…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-01-23 Ronan Cummins , Marek Rei

This paper presents the design, development, and evaluation of a proposed revision platform assisting candidates for the International English Language Testing System (IELTS) writing exam. Traditional IELTS preparation methods lack…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-01 Titas Ramancauskas , Kotryna Ramancauske

In the prompt-specific holistic score prediction task for Automatic Essay Scoring, the general approaches include pre-trained neural model, coherence model, and hybrid model that incorporate syntactic features with neural model. In this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-28 Xinying Qiu , Shuxuan Liao , Jiajun Xie , Jian-Yun Nie

Education is being transformed by rapid advances in Artificial Intelligence (AI), including emerging Generative Artificial Intelligence (GAI). Such technology can significantly support academics and students by automating monotonous tasks…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-11-15 Wasiq Khan , Luke K. Topham , Peter Atherton , Raghad Al-Shabandar , Hoshang Kolivand , Iftikhar Khan , Abir Hussain

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in various reasoning-intensive tasks. However, these models exhibit unexpected brittleness, often failing on simple variations of the same underlying task. Existing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-27 Yutao Hou , Zeguan Xiao , Fei Yu , Yihan Jiang , Ma Shuguang , Zhaoqian Dai , Hailiang Huang , Yun Chen , Guanhua Chen

Recent advancements in natural language processing have highlighted the vulnerability of deep learning models to adversarial attacks. While various defence mechanisms have been proposed, there is a lack of comprehensive benchmarks that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-23 Yang Wang , Chenghua Lin

Automated \enquote{LLM-as-a-Judge} frameworks have become the de facto standard for scalable evaluation across natural language processing. For instance, in safety evaluation, these judges are relied upon to evaluate harmfulness in order to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Leo Schwinn , Moritz Ladenburger , Tim Beyer , Mehrnaz Mofakhami , Gauthier Gidel , Stephan Günnemann

This paper provides a comprehensive review of the design and implementation of automatically generated assessment reports (AutoRs) for formative use in K-12 Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) classrooms. With the…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-01-03 Ehsan Latif , Ying Chen , Xiaoming Zhai , Yue Yin

Automatic speech recognition systems often produce confident yet incorrect transcriptions under noisy or ambiguous conditions, which can be misleading for both users and downstream applications. Standard evaluation based on Word Error Rate…

Sound · Computer Science 2026-04-29 Wenbin Huang , Yuhang Qiu , Bohan Li , Yiwei Guo , Jing Peng , Hankun Wang , Xie Chen , Kai Yu

The ability to revise essays in response to feedback is important for students' writing success. An automated writing evaluation (AWE) system that supports students in revising their essays is thus essential. We present eRevise+RF, an…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-03 Zhexiong Liu , Diane Litman , Elaine Wang , Tianwen Li , Mason Gobat , Lindsay Clare Matsumura , Richard Correnti

Automated Essay Scoring automates the grading process of essays, providing a great advantage for improving the writing proficiency of students. While holistic essay scoring research is prevalent, a noticeable gap exists in scoring essays…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-05-09 Salam Albatarni , Sohaila Eltanbouly , Tamer Elsayed

Despite growing interest in using Large Language Models (LLMs) for educational assessment, it remains unclear how closely they align with human scoring. We present a systematic evaluation of instruction-tuned LLMs across three open…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-02 Filip J. Kucia , Anirban Chakraborty , Anna Wróblewska