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Medical coding is a complex task, requiring assignment of a subset of over 72,000 ICD codes to a patient's notes. Modern natural language processing approaches to these tasks have been challenged by the length of the input and size of the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-08-17 Jay DeYoung , Han-Chin Shing , Luyang Kong , Christopher Winestock , Chaitanya Shivade

Clinical coding is a critical task in healthcare, although traditional methods for automating clinical coding may not provide sufficient explicit evidence for coders in production environments. This evidence is crucial, as medical coders…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-08 Leonor Barreiros , Isabel Coutinho , Gonçalo M. Correia , Bruno Martins

Clinical notes are text documents that are created by clinicians for each patient encounter. They are typically accompanied by medical codes, which describe the diagnosis and treatment. Annotating these codes is labor intensive and error…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-04-18 James Mullenbach , Sarah Wiegreffe , Jon Duke , Jimeng Sun , Jacob Eisenstein

Objective. Natural language processing methods for medical auto-coding, or automatic generation of medical billing codes from electronic health records, generally assign each code independently of the others. They may thus assign codes for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2015-10-19 Michael Subotin , Anthony R. Davis

Diagnostic or procedural coding of clinical notes aims to derive a coded summary of disease-related information about patients. Such coding is usually done manually in hospitals but could potentially be automated to improve the efficiency…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-07-20 Hang Dong , Víctor Suárez-Paniagua , William Whiteley , Honghan Wu

Characterization of a patient clinical phenotype is central to biomedical informatics. ICD codes, assigned to inpatient encounters by coders, is important for population health and cohort discovery when clinical information is limited.…

Medical code assignment, which predicts medical codes from clinical texts, is a fundamental task of intelligent medical information systems. The emergence of deep models in natural language processing has boosted the development of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-27 Shaoxiong Ji , Erik Cambria , Pekka Marttinen

The International Classification of Diseases (ICD) system is the international standard for classifying diseases and procedures during a healthcare encounter and is widely used for healthcare reporting and management purposes. Assigning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-04-25 George Michalopoulos , Michal Malyska , Nicola Sahar , Alexander Wong , Helen Chen

Automatically associating ICD codes with electronic health data is a well-known NLP task in medical research. NLP has evolved significantly in recent years with the emergence of pre-trained language models based on Transformers…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-04-07 Yakini Tchouka , Jean-François Couchot , David Laiymani , Philippe Selles , Azzedine Rahmani

Automated ICD coding involves assigning standardized diagnostic codes to clinical narratives. The vast label space and extreme class imbalance continue to challenge precise prediction. To address these issues, LabGraph is introduced -- a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Xiaoxiao Deng

Method: We develop CNN-based methods for automatic ICD coding based on clinical text from intensive care unit (ICU) stays. We come up with the Shallow and Wide Attention convolutional Mechanism (SWAM), which allows our model to learn local…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-01-28 Shu Yuan Hu , Fei Teng

A ubiquitous task in processing electronic medical data is the assignment of standardized codes representing diagnoses and/or procedures to free-text documents such as medical reports. This is a difficult natural language processing task…

ICD coding is designed to assign the disease codes to electronic health records (EHRs) upon discharge, which is crucial for billing and clinical statistics. In an attempt to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of manual coding, many…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-31 Zichen Liu , Xuyuan Liu , Yanlong Wen , Guoqing Zhao , Fen Xia , Xiaojie Yuan

International Classification of Diseases (ICD) coding assigns diagnosis codes to clinical documents and is essential for healthcare billing and clinical analysis. Reliable coding requires that each predicted code be supported by explicit…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Xu Zhang , Wenxin Ma , Chenxu Wu , Rongsheng Wang , Zhiyang He , Xiaodong Tao , Kun Zhang , S. Kevin Zhou

The research explores the utilization of a deep learning model employing an attention mechanism in medical text mining. It targets the challenge of analyzing unstructured text information within medical data. This research seeks to enhance…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-04 Lingxi Xiao , Muqing Li , Yinqiu Feng , Meiqi Wang , Ziyi Zhu , Zexi Chen

ICD coding from electronic clinical records is a manual, time-consuming and expensive process. Code assignment is, however, an important task for billing purposes and database organization. While many works have studied the problem of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-11-18 Arthur D. Reys , Danilo Silva , Daniel Severo , Saulo Pedro , Marcia M. de Souza e Sá , Guilherme A. C. Salgado

Learning to represent free text is a core task in many clinical machine learning (ML) applications, as clinical text contains observations and plans not otherwise available for inference. State-of-the-art methods use large language models…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-01-30 Lecheng Kong , Christopher King , Bradley Fritz , Yixin Chen

ICD coding is the process of mapping unstructured text from Electronic Health Records (EHRs) to standardised codes defined by the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) system. In order to promote trust and transparency, existing…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-13 Mingyang Li , Viktor Schlegel , Tingting Mu , Wuraola Oyewusi , Kai Kang , Goran Nenadic

Automatic ICD coding is defined as assigning disease codes to electronic medical records (EMRs). Existing methods usually apply label attention with code representations to match related text snippets. Unlike these works that model the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-04-01 Zheng Yuan , Chuanqi Tan , Songfang Huang

Machine learning-based multi-label medical text classifications can be used to enhance the understanding of the human body and aid the need for patient care. We present a broad study on clinical natural language processing techniques to…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2020-04-02 Vithya Yogarajan , Jacob Montiel , Tony Smith , Bernhard Pfahringer