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We study the sample complexity of approximate policy iteration (PI) for the Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR), building on a recent line of work using LQR as a testbed to understand the limits of reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-05-31 Karl Krauth , Stephen Tu , Benjamin Recht

This paper studies the robustness of reinforcement learning algorithms to errors in the learning process. Specifically, we revisit the benchmark problem of discrete-time linear quadratic regulation (LQR) and study the long-standing open…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-03-16 Bo Pang , Zhong-Ping Jiang

A promising method for constructing a data-driven output-feedback control law involves the construction of a model-free observer. The Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR) optimal control policy can then be obtained by both policy-iteration (PI)…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-09-24 Liquan Lin , Haoyan Lin , Jie Huang

This paper studies the robustness of policy iteration in the context of continuous-time infinite-horizon linear quadratic regulation (LQR) problem. It is shown that Kleinman's policy iteration algorithm is inherently robust to small…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-09-01 Bo Pang , Tao Bian , Zhong-Ping Jiang

We explore reinforcement learning methods for finding the optimal policy in the linear quadratic regulator (LQR) problem. In particular, we consider the convergence of policy gradient methods in the setting of known and unknown parameters.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-25 Ben Hambly , Renyuan Xu , Huining Yang

The Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR) framework considers the problem of regulating a linear dynamical system perturbed by environmental noise. We compute the policy regret between three distinct control policies: i) the optimal online…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2020-02-10 Gautam Goel , Babak Hassibi

In recent years, stabilizing unknown dynamical systems has became a critical problem in control systems engineering. Addressing this for linear time-invariant (LTI) systems is an essential fist step towards solving similar problems for more…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-08-08 Xinpei Zhang , Guangyan Jia

This paper studies a continuous-time stochastic linear-quadratic (SLQ) optimal control problem on infinite-horizon. A data-driven policy iteration algorithm is proposed to solve the SLQ problem. Without knowing three system coefficient…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-09-30 Heng Zhang , Na Li

In optimal control problem, policy iteration (PI) is a powerful reinforcement learning (RL) tool used for designing optimal controller for the linear systems. However, the need for an initial stabilizing control policy significantly limits…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-11-13 Zhen Pang , Shengda Tang , Jun Cheng , Shuping He

To further understand the underlying mechanism of various reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms and also to better use the optimization theory to make further progress in RL, many researchers begin to revisit the linear-quadratic regulator…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-03-18 Man Li , Jiahu Qin , Wei Xing Zheng , Yaonan Wang , Yu Kang

This paper introduces a novel data-driven approach to design a linear quadratic regulator (LQR) using a reinforcement learning (RL) algorithm that does not require a system model. The key contribution is to perform policy iteration (PI) by…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-11-20 Soroush Asri , Luis Rodrigues

In this paper, we investigate a data-driven framework to solve Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR) problems when the dynamics is unknown, with the additional challenge of providing stability certificates for the overall learning and control…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-13 Lorenzo Sforni , Guido Carnevale , Ivano Notarnicola , Giuseppe Notarstefano

This article presents a unified approach to quadratic optimal control for both linear and nonlinear discrete-time systems, with a focus on trajectory tracking. The control strategy is based on minimizing a quadratic cost function that…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-04-25 Igor Ladnik

In this paper, we address Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR) problems through a novel iterative algorithm named EXtremum-seeking Policy iteration LQR (EXP-LQR). The peculiarity of EXP-LQR is that it only needs access to a truncated…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-06-13 Guido Carnevale , Nicola Mimmo , Giuseppe Notarstefano

This paper presents a novel model-free and fully data-driven policy iteration scheme for quadratic regulation of linear dynamics with state- and input-multiplicative noise. The implementation is similar to the least-squares temporal…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-12-05 Peter Coppens , Panagiotis Patrinos

We consider the task of learning to control a linear dynamical system under fixed quadratic costs, known as the Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR) problem. While model-free approaches are often favorable in practice, thus far only model-based…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-02-26 Asaf Cassel , Tomer Koren

We consider the continuous-time Linear-Quadratic-Regulator (LQR) problem in terms of optimizing a real-valued matrix function over the set of feedback gains. The results developed are in parallel to those in Bu et al. [1] for discrete-time…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-06-17 Jingjing Bu , Afshin Mesbahi , Mehran Mesbahi

This paper studies data-driven approaches to the continuous-time linear quadratic regulator (LQR) problem based on two existing parameterizations, namely a closed-loop (CL) parameterization from behavioral system theory and an integral…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-05-01 Armin Gießler , Felix Thömmes , Sören Hohmann

Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR) design is one of the most classical optimal control problems, whose well-known solution is an input sequence expressed as a state-feedback. In this work, finite-horizon and discrete-time LQR is solved under…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2020-01-17 Anna Scampicchio , Aleksandr Aravkin , Gianluigi Pillonetto

This paper proposes efficient policy iteration and value iteration algorithms for the continuous-time linear quadratic regulator problem with unmeasurable states and unknown system dynamics, from the perspective of direct data-driven…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-17 Jun Xie , Yuan-Hua Ni , Yiqin Yang , Bo Xu
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