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Reference frames are of special importance in physics. They are usually considered to be idealized entities. However, in most situations, e.g. in laboratories, physical processes are described within reference frames constituted by physical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-06-26 Jan Tuziemski

Quantum coherence quantifies the amount of superposition in a quantum system, and is the reason and resource behind several phenomena and technologies. It depends on the natural basis in which the quantum state of the system is expressed,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-08-13 Ingita Banerjee , Kornikar Sen , Chirag Srivastava , Ujjwal Sen

In the literature on quantum reference frames, the internal (relative) properties of a system are defined as those which are preserved under an arbitrary change of reference frame. For a system of quantum spins, these are all properties…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-10-10 Jacques Pienaar

Quantum mechanics in its presently known formulation requires an external classical time for its description. A classical spacetime manifold and a classical spacetime metric are produced by classical matter fields. In the absence of such…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2008-11-26 T. P. Singh

A canonical formalism and constraint analysis for discrete systems subject to a variational action principle are devised. The formalism is equivalent to the covariant formulation, encompasses global and local discrete time evolution moves…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2013-09-17 Bianca Dittrich , Philipp A Hoehn

The method of four-dimensional Causal Dynamical Triangulations provides a background-independent definition of the sum over geometries in quantum gravity, in the presence of a positive cosmological constant. We present the evidence…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2007-05-23 J. Ambjorn , J. Jurkiewicz , R. Loll

We consider the problem of quantum behavior in the finite background. Introduction of continuum or other infinities into physics leads only to technical complications without any need for them in description of empirical observations. The…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2012-02-15 Vladimir V. Kornyak

The basic tenet of the present work is the assumption of the lack of external and fixed time in the Universe. This assumption is best embodied by general relativity, which replaces the fixed space-time structure with the gravitational…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2017-09-19 Przemysław Małkiewicz , Artur Miroszewski

The study of quantum reference frames (QRFs) is motivated by the idea of taking into account the quantum properties of the reference frames used, explicitly or implicitly, in our description of physical systems. Like classical reference…

The usual quantization of a classical space-time field does not touch the non-geometrical character of quantum mechanics. We believe that the deep problems of unification of general relativity and quantum mechanics are rooted in this poor…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2007-05-23 Torsten Asselmeyer-Maluga , Helge Rose'

This article suggests that thinking about the role of reference frames can provide new insight into Extended Wigner's Friend scenarios. This involves appealing to symmetries to make a principled distinction between properties of a system…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-09 Emily Adlam

The Page-Wootters mechanism questioned the fundamental nature of time in quantum physics. The mechanism explored the notion that a given physical quantity is always defined and measured relative to a reference frame, in general, not…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-05-01 Tiago Martinelli , Diogo O. Soares-Pinto

Beginning with the principle that a closed mechanical composite system is timeless, time can be defined by the regular changes in a suitable position coordinate (clock) in the observing part, when one part of the closed composite observes…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-10-05 John S. Briggs

The perspective-neutral formulation of quantum reference frames (QRFs) treats observers as quantum systems and describes physics relationally from within the composite system. While frame-change maps and frame-invariant resource sums are…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-16 Salman Sajad Wani , Saif Al-Kuwari

Some mathematical theories in physics justify their explanatory superiority over earlier formalisms by the clarity of their postulates. In particular, axiomatic reconstructions drive home the importance of the composition rule and the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-10-26 Alexei Grinbaum

We illustrate how quantum information theory and free (i.e. noncommutative) semialgebraic geometry often study similar objects from different perspectives. We give examples in the context of positivity and separability, quantum magic…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-03-05 Gemma De Las Cuevas , Tim Netzer

We investigate the physics of quantum reference frames. Specifically, we study several simple scenarios involving a small number of quantum particles, whereby we promote one of these particles to the role of a quantum observer and ask what…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2012-02-06 Renato M. Angelo , Nicolas Brunner , Sandu Popescu , Anthony J. Short , Paul Skrzypczyk

Starting from the observation that distinct notions of copying have arisen in different categorical fields (logic and computation, contrasted with quantum mechanics) this paper addresses the question of when, or whether, they may coincide.…

Category Theory · Mathematics 2013-05-21 Peter Hines

The notion of incompressible momentum observables is introduced. It is shown that when the metric in a manifold has a certain form, a set of canonically conjugate variables Xk and Pk in which Pk are incompressible, can be constructed. Based…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 C. P. Viazminsky

The patterns of fringes produced by an interferometer have long been important testbeds for our best contemporary theories of physics. Historically, interference has been used to contrast quantum mechanics to classical physics, but recently…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-12-11 Andrew J. P. Garner , Markus P. Müller , Oscar C. O. Dahlsten