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The use of Gaussian processes (GPs) as models for astronomical time series datasets has recently become almost ubiquitous, given their ease of use and flexibility. GPs excel in particular at marginalization over the stellar signal in cases…

Solar and Stellar Astrophysics · Physics 2021-09-08 Rodrigo Luger , Daniel Foreman-Mackey , Christina Hedges

The use of Gaussian processes (GPs) is a common approach to account for correlated noise in exoplanet time series, particularly for transmission and emission spectroscopy. This analysis has typically been performed for each wavelength…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2024-06-05 Mark Fortune , Neale P. Gibson , Daniel Foreman-Mackey , Thomas M. Evans-Soma , Cathal Maguire , Swaetha Ramkumar

New photometric space missions to detect and characterise transiting exoplanets are focusing on bright stars to obtain high cadence, high signal-to-noise light curves. Since these missions will be sensitive to stellar oscillations and…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2020-02-12 S. C. C. Barros , O. Demangeon , R. F. Díaz , J. Cabrera , N. C. Santos , J. P. Faria , F. Pereira

Observations of exoplanet atmospheres in high resolution have the potential to resolve individual planetary absorption lines, despite the issues associated with ground-based observations. The removal of contaminating stellar and telluric…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2022-03-18 Annabella Meech , Suzanne Aigrain , Matteo Brogi , Jayne Birkby

This research note presents a derivation and implementation of efficient and scalable gradient computations using the celerite algorithm for Gaussian Process (GP) modeling. The algorithms are derived in a "reverse accumulation" or…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2018-02-01 Daniel Foreman-Mackey

The growing field of large-scale time domain astronomy requires methods for probabilistic data analysis that are computationally tractable, even with large datasets. Gaussian Processes are a popular class of models used for this purpose…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2017-11-15 Daniel Foreman-Mackey , Eric Agol , Sivaram Ambikasaran , Ruth Angus

This article shortly introduces Gaussian processes (GP) as a new approach for modelling time series in the field of blazar physics. In the second part of the paper, recent results from an application of GP modelling to the multi-wavelength…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2017-03-08 V. Karamanavis

In this note we present the starry_process code, which implements an interpretable Gaussian process (GP) for modeling variability in stellar light curves. As dark starspots rotate in and out of view, the total flux received from a distant…

Solar and Stellar Astrophysics · Physics 2021-02-10 Rodrigo Luger , Daniel Foreman-Mackey , Christina Hedges

The analysis of photometric time series in the context of transiting planet surveys suffers from the presence of stellar signals, often dubbed "stellar noise". These signals, caused by stellar oscillations and granulation, can usually be…

The last two decades have seen a major expansion in the availability, size, and precision of time-domain datasets in astronomy. Owing to their unique combination of flexibility, mathematical simplicity and comparative robustness, Gaussian…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2022-11-11 Suzanne Aigrain , Daniel Foreman-Mackey

The Gaussian process (GP) is a widely used probabilistic machine learning method with implicit uncertainty characterization for stochastic function approximation, stochastic modeling, and analyzing real-world measurements of nonlinear…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-04-14 Mark D. Risser , Marcus M. Noack , Hengrui Luo , Ronald Pandolfi

Ground-based transmission spectroscopy is often dominated by systematics, which obstructs our ability to leverage the advantages of larger aperture sizes compared to space-based observations. These systematics could be time-correlated,…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2025-10-24 Lokesh Manickavasaham , Manjunath Bestha , Sivarani Thirupathi , Arun Surya , Athira Unni

We consider the problem of fitting a parametric model to time-series data that are afflicted by correlated noise. The noise is represented by a sum of two stationary Gaussian processes: one that is uncorrelated in time, and another that has…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2014-11-20 Joshua A. Carter , Joshua N. Winn

Transmission spectroscopy, which consists of measuring the wavelength-dependent absorption of starlight by a planet's atmosphere during a transit, is a powerful probe of atmospheric composition. However, the expected signal is typically…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2015-05-30 N. P. Gibson , S. Aigrain , S. Roberts , T. M. Evans , M. Osborne , F. Pont

Gaussian processes (GPs) are a class of Kernel methods that have shown to be very useful in geoscience and remote sensing applications for parameter retrieval, model inversion, and emulation. They are widely used because they are simple,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-05-21 J. Emmanuel Johnson , Valero Laparra , Gustau Camps-Valls

Temporal variations of apparent magnitude, called light curves, are observational statistics of interest captured by telescopes over long periods of time. Light curves afford the exploration of Space Domain Awareness (SDA) objectives such…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2022-09-01 Imène R. Goumiri , Alec M. Dunton , Amanda L. Muyskens , Benjamin W. Priest , Robert E. Armstrong

The two most successful methods for exoplanet detection rely on the detection of planetary signals in photometric and radial velocity time-series. This depends on numerical techniques that exploit the synergy between data and theory to…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2021-11-23 Oscar Barragán , Suzanne Aigrain , Vinesh M. Rajpaul , Norbert Zicher

Gaussian Processes (GPs) are powerful non-parametric Bayesian models for regression of scalar fields, formulated under the assumption that measurement locations are perfectly known and the corresponding field measurements have Gaussian…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-01-29 Muzaffar Qureshi , Tochukwu Elijah Ogri , Kyle Volle , Rushikesh Kamalapurkar

Gaussian processes (GPs) are widely used in nonparametric regression, classification and spatio-temporal modeling, motivated in part by a rich literature on theoretical properties. However, a well known drawback of GPs that limits their use…

Methodology · Statistics 2011-06-29 Anjishnu Banerjee , David Dunson , Surya Tokdar

Traditionally, ground-based spectrophotometric observations probing transiting exoplanet atmospheres have employed a linear map between comparison and target star light curves (e.g. via differential spectrophotometry) to correct for…

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