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Identifying heterogeneity in a population's response to a health or policy intervention is crucial for evaluating and informing policy decisions. We propose a novel heterogeneous treatment effect estimator in the difference-in-differences…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-08-24 Xinkun Nie , Chen Lu , Stefan Wager

We study the estimation of treatment effects using samples stratified by treatment status. Standard estimators of the average treatment effect and the local average treatment effect are inconsistent in this setting. We propose consistent…

Econometrics · Economics 2025-04-28 Jinyong Hahn , John Ham , Geert Ridder , Shuyang Sheng

Treatment effects can be estimated from observational data as the difference in potential outcomes. In this paper, we address the challenge of estimating the potential outcome when treatment-dose levels can vary continuously over time.…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2017-11-07 Hossein Soleimani , Adarsh Subbaswamy , Suchi Saria

Demand response aims to stimulate electricity consumers to modify their loads at critical time periods. In this paper, we consider signals in demand response programs as a binary treatment to the customers and estimate the average treatment…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2017-07-04 Pan Li , Baosen Zhang

We study two-way-fixed-effects regressions (TWFE) with several treatment variables. Under a parallel trends assumption, we show that the coefficient on each treatment identifies a weighted sum of that treatment's effect, with possibly…

Econometrics · Economics 2023-04-18 Clément de Chaisemartin , Xavier D'Haultfœuille

Difference-in-differences estimation is a widely used method of program evaluation. When treatment is implemented in different places at different times, researchers often use two-way fixed effects to control for location-specific and…

General Economics · Economics 2021-03-25 Pamela Jakiela

This paper considers identifying and estimating causal effect parameters in a staggered treatment adoption setting -- that is, where a researcher has access to panel data and treatment timing varies across units. We consider the case where…

Econometrics · Economics 2023-08-08 Brantly Callaway , Emmanuel Selorm Tsyawo

In this paper we study estimation of and inference for average treatment effects in a setting with panel data. We focus on the setting where units, e.g., individuals, firms, or states, adopt the policy or treatment of interest at a…

Econometrics · Economics 2018-09-05 Susan Athey , Guido Imbens

Many treatments or policy interventions are continuous in nature. Examples include prices, taxes or temperatures. Empirical researchers have usually relied on two-way fixed effect regressions to estimate treatment effects in such cases.…

Econometrics · Economics 2024-02-09 Clément de Chaisemartin , Xavier D'Haultfœuille , Gonzalo Vazquez-Bare

Difference-in-differences is based on a parallel trends assumption, which states that changes over time in average potential outcomes are independent of treatment assignment, possibly conditional on covariates. With time-varying treatments,…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-06-25 Nicholas Illenberger , Iván Díaz , Audrey Renson

When one studies the effects of taxes, tariffs, or prices using panel data, the treatment is often continuously distributed in every period. We propose difference-in-differences (DID) estimators for such cases. We assume that between…

Comparative binary outcome data are of fundamental interest in statistics and are often pooled in meta-analyses. Here we examine the simplest case where for each study there are two patient groups and a binary event of interest, giving rise…

Methodology · Statistics 2018-06-12 Rose Baker , Dan Jackson

We provide a simple distribution regression estimator for treatment effects in the difference-in-differences (DiD) design. Our procedure is particularly useful when the treatment effect differs across the distribution of the outcome…

Econometrics · Economics 2026-05-20 Iván Fernández-Val , Jonas Meier , Aico van Vuuren , Francis Vella

Estimating the effect of medical treatments on subject responses is one of the crucial problems in medical research. Matched-pairs designs are commonly implemented in the field of medical research to eliminate confounding and improve…

Methodology · Statistics 2017-11-08 Jun Wang , Wei Gao , Man-Lai Tang

We revisit panel regressions with unobserved heterogeneity through the lens of variance-weighted average treatment effects. Building on established results for cross-sectional OLS and one-way fixed effects panels, we show that two-way panel…

Econometrics · Economics 2026-04-21 Artūras Juodis , Martin Weidner

In many practical situations, randomly assigning treatments to subjects is uncommon due to feasibility constraints. For example, economic aid programs and merit-based scholarships are often restricted to those meeting specific income or…

Marginal structural models are a popular tool for investigating the effects of time-varying treatments, but they require an assumption of no unobserved confounders between the treatment and outcome. With observational data, this assumption…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-06-10 Matthew Blackwell , Soichiro Yamauchi

This paper studies settings where the analyst is interested in identifying and estimating the average \emph{direct} causal effect of a binary treatment on an outcome. We consider a setup in which the outcome realization does not get…

Econometrics · Economics 2025-08-01 Federico A. Bugni , Ivan A. Canay , Steve McBride

Empirical work often uses treatment assigned following geographic boundaries. When the effects of treatment cross over borders, classical difference-in-differences estimation produces biased estimates for the average treatment effect. In…

Econometrics · Economics 2023-06-13 Kyle Butts

Every design choice will have different effects on different units. However traditional A/B tests are often underpowered to identify these heterogeneous effects. This is especially true when the set of unit-level attributes is…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2016-11-09 Alexander Peysakhovich , Akos Lada