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The population study of stellar-mass black hole (sBH) binaries with ground-based gravitational wave detection has achieved tremendous success in recent years. Future observation of extreme mass-ratio inspirals will similarly require proper…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-09-19 Houyi Sun , Ya-Ping Li , Zhen Pan , Huan Yang

Active galactic nuclei (AGN) probably control the growth of their host galaxies via feedback in the form of wide-angle wind-driven outflows. These establish the observed correlations between supermassive black hole (SMBH) masses and host…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2019-08-08 Kastytis Zubovas , Andrew R. King

We investigate the consequences of a model of the assembly and growth of massive black holes from primordial seeds, remnants of the first generation of stars in a hierarchical structure formation scenario. Our model traces the build-up of…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-11-10 Marta Volonteri , Rosalba Perna

Massive black holes (MBHs) are nowadays recognized as integral parts of galaxy evolution. Both the approximate proportionality between MBH and galaxy mass, and the expected importance of feedback from active MBHs in regulating star…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2016-08-24 Marta Volonteri , Melanie Habouzit , Fabio Pacucci , Michael Tremmel

Recent James Webb Space Telescope observations of high-redshift massive galaxy candidates have initiated renewed interest in the important mystery around the formation and evolution of our Universe's largest supermassive black holes…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2025-10-31 Shin'ichiro Ando , Shyam Balaji , Malcolm Fairbairn , Nagisa Hiroshima , Koji Ishiwata

Understanding the relationship between supermassive black holes (SMBHs) and their host galaxies at different redshifts is crucial for unraveling the processes of SMBH-galaxy co-evolution. We present the properties of nine type 1 Active…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2025-07-03 Atsushi Hoshi , Toru Yamada

Theoretical models of the evolution of supermassive black hole (SMBH) pairs in post-merger remnant galaxies are necessary to motivate observational searches for dual active galactic nuclei (AGN) and gravitational wave sources. Studies have…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2026-02-02 Sena Ghobadi , David Ballantyne , Tamara Bogdanovic

The origin of supermassive black holes (SMBHs) is a key open question for contemporary astrophysics and cosmology. Here we review the features of a cosmological model of SMBH formation from Pop III.1 seeds, i.e., remnants of metal-free…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2024-12-03 Jonathan C. Tan , Jasbir Singh , Vieri Cammelli , Mahsa Sanati , Maya Petkova , Devesh Nandal , Pierluigi Monaco

I review the current understanding of some key properties of the earliest growing supermassive black holes (SMBHs), as determined from the most up-to-date observations of z>=5 quasars. This includes their accretion rates and growth history,…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2021-02-02 Benny Trakhtenbrot

The growth of the supermassive black holes (BHs) that reside at the centres of most galaxies is intertwined with the physical processes that drive the formation of the galaxies themselves. The evolution of the relations between the mass of…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2015-05-18 C. M. Booth , Joop Schaye

The assembly of stellar and supermassive black hole (SMBH) mass in elliptical galaxies since $z\sim1$ can help to diagnose the origins of locally-observed correlations between SMBH mass and stellar mass. We therefore construct three samples…

In the last decades several correlations between the mass of the central supermassive black hole (BH) and properties of the host galaxy - such as bulge luminosity and mass, central stellar velocity dispersion, S\'ersic index, spiral pitch…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2016-11-24 Gerold Busch

Understanding the co-evolution between supermassive black holes (SMBHs) and their host galaxies provides crucial insights into SMBH formation and galaxy assembly in these cosmic ecosystems. However, measuring this co-evolution, as traced by…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2025-02-10 Junyao Li , Yue Shen , Ming-Yang Zhuang

These are exciting times for binary black hole (BBH) research. LIGO and Virgo detections are progressively drawing a spectacular fresco of BBH masses, spins and merger rates. In this review, we discuss the main formation channels of BBHs…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2022-02-11 Michela Mapelli

The spin is an important but poorly constrained parameter for describing supermassive black holes (SMBHs). Using the continuity equation of SMBH number density, we explicitly obtain the mass-dependent cosmological evolution of the radiative…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2015-06-04 Yan-Rong Li , Jian-Min Wang , Luis C. Ho

Intermediate-mass black holes (IMBHs) with masses below ($2 \times 10^5 M_{\odot}$) are pivotal in understanding the origin and growth mechanisms of supermassive black holes (SMBHs) in galactic nuclei. This study focuses on the search and…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2024-10-03 V. Goradzhanov , I. Chilingarian , M. Demianenko , I. Katkov , K. Grishin , V. Toptun , E. Rubtsov , D. Gasymov , I. Kuzmin

If supermassive black holes (SMBHs) are the energy sources that power quasars and active galactic nuclei, then QSO SDSS 1148+5251, the quasar with the highest redshift (z_QSO=6.43), hosts a supermassive black hole formed within 0.9 Gyr…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-11-10 Stuart L. Shapiro

[Abridged] Tight correlations between supermassive black hole (SMBH) mass ($M_{\rm BH}$) and the properties of the host galaxy have useful implications for our understanding of the growth of SMBHs and evolution of galaxies. Here, we present…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2020-08-05 Bililign T. Dullo , Alexandre Y. K. Bouquin , Armando Gil De Paz , Johan H. Knapen , Javier Gorgas

Nearly every massive galaxy harbors a supermassive black hole (SMBH) in its nucleus. SMBH masses are millions to billions $M_{\odot}$, and they correlate with properties of spheroids of their host galaxies. While the SMBH growth channels,…

One of the key open questions in cosmology today pertains to understanding when, where and how super massive black holes form, while it is clear that mergers likely play a significant role in the growth cycles of black holes, how…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2015-06-03 Kevin Schawinski , Meg Urry , Ezequiel Treister , Brooke Simmons , Priyamvada Natarajan , Eilat Glikman