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Artificial intelligence can outperform humans in specific tasks but consumes substantial energy. How the human brain can work at just 20 watts with complex cognitive intelligence? Here we decode the fundamental information strategy unit of…

Biological Physics · Physics 2025-08-06 Jinxuan Ma , Wanlin Guo

I outline some of my work (some dating back to 1998, some more recent) on my matter-gravity entanglement hypothesis, according to which the entropy of a closed quantum gravitational system is equal to the system's matter-gravity…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2023-12-15 Bernard S. Kay

Black hole entropy has been shown by 't Hooft to diverge at the horizon. The region near the horizon is in a thermal state, so entropy is linear to energy which consequently also diverges. We find a similar divergence for the energy of the…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2011-06-24 Ram Brustein , Judy Kupferman

Thermodynamics is commonly presented as a theory of macroscopic systems in stable equilibrium, built upon assumptions of extensivity and scaling with system size. In this paper, we present a universal formulation of the elementary…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-26 Gian Paolo Beretta

The objectivity of black hole entropy is discussed in the particular case of a Schwarzchild black hole. Using Jaynes' maximum entropy formalism and Euclidean path integral evaluation of partition function, it is argued that in the…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2007-05-23 Y. K. Lau

We investigate the black hole solution to (2+1)-dimensional gravity coupled to topological matter, with a vanishing cosmological constant. We calculate the total energy, angular momentum and entropy of the black hole in this model and…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2010-04-28 S. Carlip , J. Gegenberg , R. B. Mann

<PART1> According to the standard LCDM model, the matter and dark energy densities (rho_m and rho_DE) are only comparable for a brief time. We address the cosmic coincidence problem under LCDM and generalized dark energy models by…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2010-05-06 Chas A. Egan

We have proposed the entropy formula of the black hole which is constructed by the intersecting D1-brane and D5-brane with no momentum, whose compactification radii are constrained by the surface gravities in ten-dimensions. We interpret…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2016-08-25 Kenji Suzuki

To derive black hole thermodynamics in any quantum theory of gravity, one must introduce constraints that ensure that a black hole is actually present. For a large class of black holes, the imposition of such ``horizon constraints'' allows…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2015-05-13 S. Carlip

Entanglement entropy is often speculated as a strong candidate for the origin of the black-hole entropy. To judge whether this speculation is true or not, it is effective to investigate the whole structure of thermodynamics obtained from…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2009-10-30 Shinji Mukohyama , Masafumi Seriu , Hideo Kodama

I describe how gravitational entropy is intimately connected with the concept of gravitational heat, expressed as the difference between the total and free energies of a given gravitational system. From this perspective one can compute…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2022-10-12 R. B. Mann

The ultimate limits of computation are not just logical, but physical. We investigate the physical resources -- time, energy, entropy, and free energy -- required to perform computational work. We apply the resulting measures of physical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-06-23 Michele Reilly , Seth Lloyd

In these decades, it has been revealed that there is rich information-theoretic structure in thermodynamics of out-of-equilibrium systems in both the classical and quantum regimes. This has led to the fruitful interplay among statistical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-09-29 Takahiro Sagawa

The carbon footprint of algorithms must be measured and transparently reported so computer scientists can take an honest and active role in environmental sustainability. In this paper, we take analyses usually applied at the industrial…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-12-17 Kadan Lottick , Silvia Susai , Sorelle A. Friedler , Jonathan P. Wilson

We define an entropy based on a chosen governing probability distribution. If a certain kind of measurements follow such a distribution it also gives us a suitable scale to study it with. This scale will appear as a link function that is…

Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability · Physics 2007-10-24 Peter Sunehag

We trace the origin of the black hole entropy S replacing a black hole by a quasiblack hole. Let the boundary of a static body approach its own gravitational radius, in such a way that a quasihorizon forms. We show that if the body is…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2010-04-06 José P. S. Lemos , Oleg B. Zaslavskii

Entropy measures quantify the amount of information and correlation present in a quantum system. In practice, when the quantum state is unknown and only copies thereof are available, one must resort to the estimation of such entropy…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-03-27 Ziv Goldfeld , Dhrumil Patel , Sreejith Sreekumar , Mark M. Wilde

We rederive the universal bound on entropy with the help of black holes while allowing for Unruh--Wald buoyancy. We consider a box full of entropy lowered towards and then dropped into a Reissner--Nordstr\"om black hole in equilibrium with…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2009-10-22 Jacob D. Bekenstein

The deep connection between entropy and information is discussed in terms of both classical and quantum physics. The mechanism of information transfer between systems via entanglement is explored in the context of decoherence theory. The…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-01-05 Martin Paul Vaughan

Black hole entropy is identified with the counting of the dynamical degrees of freedom of trapped gravitational modes continually sourced by the Hawking-Unruh process. In the context of linear perturbations of Schwarzschild spacetime the…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2026-01-14 Seth Major , Daniel Rodriguez , Thomas Takis