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Human evaluation is increasingly critical for assessing large language models, capturing linguistic nuances, and reflecting user preferences more accurately than traditional automated metrics. However, the resource-intensive nature of this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-24 Meriem Boubdir , Edward Kim , Beyza Ermis , Marzieh Fadaee , Sara Hooker

In the era of increasingly sophisticated natural language processing (NLP) systems, large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable potential for diverse applications, including tasks requiring nuanced textual understanding and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-16 Poli Apollinaire Nemkova , Solomon Ubani , Mark V. Albert

Manual annotation remains the gold standard for high-quality, dense temporal video datasets, yet it is inherently time-consuming. Vision-language models can aid human annotators and expedite this process. We report on the impact of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-09 Juan Gutiérrez , Victor Gutiérrez , Ángel Mora , Silvia Rodriguez , José Luis Blanco

Social media, especially Twitter, is being increasingly used for research with predictive analytics. In social media studies, natural language processing (NLP) techniques are used in conjunction with expert-based, manual and qualitative…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-04-03 Yunpeng Zhao , Mattia Prosperi , Tianchen Lyu , Yi Guo , Jiang Bian

Deep-learning pipelines for microscopy image classification often require expensive, labor- and time-intensive expert annotation to produce high-quality ground truth for training. Recent work has shown that prompt tuning of vision-language…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Abhiram Kandiyana , Ankur Mali , Lawrence O. Hall , Peter R. Mouton , Dmitry Goldgof

As the number of applications that use machine learning algorithms increases, the need for labeled data useful for training such algorithms intensifies. Getting labels typically involves employing humans to do the annotation, which directly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2013-07-16 Alexandros Ntoulas , Omar Alonso , Vasilis Kandylas

Active learning algorithms automatically identify the most informative samples from large amounts of unlabeled data and tremendously reduce human annotation effort in inducing a machine learning model. In a conventional active learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Varun Totakura , Ankita Singh , Yushun Dong , Shayok Chakraborty

Supervised learning relies on high-quality labeled data, but obtaining such data through human annotation is both expensive and time-consuming. Recent work explores using large language models (LLMs) for annotation, but LLM-generated labels…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-23 Lequan Lin , Dai Shi , Andi Han , Feng Chen , Qiuzheng Chen , Jiawen Li , Zhaoyang Li , Jiyuan Li , Zhenbang Sun , Junbin Gao

Human annotator simulation (HAS) serves as a cost-effective substitute for human evaluation such as data annotation and system assessment. Human perception and behaviour during human evaluation exhibit inherent variability due to diverse…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-03 Wen Wu , Wenlin Chen , Chao Zhang , Philip C. Woodland

In the rapidly evolving landscape of Natural Language Processing (NLP), the use of Large Language Models (LLMs) for automated text annotation in social media posts has garnered significant interest. Despite the impressive innovations in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-12 Mao Li , Frederick Conrad

LLM use in annotation is becoming widespread, and given LLMs' overall promising performance and speed, simply "reviewing" LLM annotations in interpretive tasks can be tempting. In subjective annotation tasks with multiple plausible answers,…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-07-22 Hope Schroeder , Deb Roy , Jad Kabbara

Plain Language and Easy-to-Read formats in text simplification are essential for cognitive accessibility. Yet current automatic simplification and evaluation pipelines remain largely automated, metric-driven, and fail to reflect user…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-20 Lourdes Moreno , Paloma Martínez

Machine Learning (ML) and its applications have been transforming our lives but it is also creating issues related to the development of fair, accountable, transparent, and ethical Artificial Intelligence. As the ML models are not fully…

Applications · Statistics 2021-06-30 Yihuang Kang , Yi-Wen Chiu , Ming-Yen Lin , Fang-yi Su , Sheng-Tai Huang

With the growing prevalence of large language models, it is increasingly common to annotate datasets for machine learning using pools of crowd raters. However, these raters often work in isolation as individual crowdworkers. In this work,…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-08-05 Sonja Schmer-Galunder , Ruta Wheelock , Scott Friedman , Alyssa Chvasta , Zaria Jalan , Emily Saltz

Data annotated by humans is a source of knowledge by describing the peculiarities of the problem and therefore fueling the decision process of the trained model. Unfortunately, the annotation process for subjective natural language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-14 Kamil Kanclerz , Julita Bielaniewicz , Marcin Gruza , Jan Kocon , Stanisław Woźniak , Przemysław Kazienko

Rapid advances in Machine Learning (ML) have triggered new trends in Autonomous Vehicles (AVs). ML algorithms play a crucial role in interpreting sensor data, predicting potential hazards, and optimizing navigation strategies. However,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-10 Yousef Emami , Luis Almeida , Kai Li , Wei Ni , Zhu Han

Labeling visual data is expensive and time-consuming. Crowdsourcing systems promise to enable highly parallelizable annotations through the participation of monetarily or otherwise motivated workers, but even this approach has its limits.…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-09-04 Christopher Klugmann , Rafid Mahmood , Guruprasad Hegde , Amit Kale , Daniel Kondermann

Existing test-time adaptation (TTA) approaches often adapt models with the unlabeled testing data stream. A recent attempt relaxed the assumption by introducing limited human annotation, referred to as Human-In-the-Loop Test-Time Adaptation…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-12-25 Yushu Li , Yongyi Su , Xulei Yang , Kui Jia , Xun Xu

Annotated images are required for both supervised model training and evaluation in image classification. Manually annotating images is arduous and expensive, especially for multi-labeled images. A recent trend for conducting such laboursome…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-12-07 Jianzhe Lin , Tianze Yu , Z. Jane Wang

This work offers a novel view on the use of human input as labels, acknowledging that humans may err. We build a behavioral profile for human annotators which is used as a feature representation of the provided input. We show that by…

Databases · Computer Science 2022-05-09 Roee Shraga