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Multilevel regression and poststratification (MRP) is a flexible modeling technique that has been used in a broad range of small-area estimation problems. Traditionally, MRP studies have been focused on non-causal settings, where estimating…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-01-24 Yuxiang Gao , Lauren Kennedy , Daniel Simpson

We identify the average dose-response function (ADRF) for a continuously valued error-contaminated treatment by a weighted conditional expectation. We then estimate the weights nonparametrically by maximising a local generalised empirical…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2022-11-30 Wei Huang , Zheng Zhang

Weighting methods are popular tools for estimating causal effects; assessing their robustness under unobserved confounding is important in practice. In the following paper, we introduce a new set of sensitivity models called "variance-based…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-03-14 Melody Huang , Samuel D. Pimentel

Common causal estimands include the average treatment effect (ATE), the average treatment effect of the treated (ATT), and the average treatment effect on the controls (ATC). Using augmented inverse probability weighting methods, parametric…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-09-23 Roland A. Matsouaka , Yi Liu , Yunji Zhou

In regression models fitted to data from complex survey designs, sampling weights often incorporate non-essential variation, inflating variance estimates. Stabilized weights mitigate this issue by adjusting sampling weights to account for…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-05-18 Tong Chen , Joshua Slone , Gustavo Amorim , Pamela A. Shaw , Bryan E. Shepherd , Thomas Lumley

In observational studies, propensity scores are commonly estimated by maxi- mum likelihood but may fail to balance high-dimensional pre-treatment covariates even after specification search. We introduce a general framework that unifies and…

Methodology · Statistics 2017-03-22 Qingyuan Zhao

In this paper, we study the estimation and inference of the quantile treatment effect under covariate-adaptive randomization. We propose two estimation methods: (1) the simple quantile regression and (2) the inverse propensity score…

Methodology · Statistics 2020-02-26 Yichong Zhang , Xin Zheng

Propensity scores are commonly used to estimate treatment effects from observational data. We argue that the probabilistic output of a learned propensity score model should be calibrated -- i.e., a predictive treatment probability of 90%…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-06-06 Shachi Deshpande , Volodymyr Kuleshov

Propensity score (PS) methods are widely used in observational studies to reduce confounding and estimate causal treatment effects. However, the validity of PS-based causal estimators depends heavily on correct model specification, and…

Doubly robust (DR) estimation is a crucial technique in causal inference and missing data problems. We propose a novel Propensity score Augmentved Doubly robust (PAD) estimator to enhance the commonly used DR estimator for average treatment…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-04-18 Liangbo Lyu , Molei Liu

In propensity score weighted analysis, robust variance that does not account for weight estimation is commonly used. In propensity score weighted Cox models (CoxPSW), the robust variance is known to be conservative when weights for the…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-04-17 Hiroya Morita , Shunichiro Orihara , Fumitaka Shimizu , Masataka Taguri

Variational inference is a general approach for approximating complex density functions, such as those arising in latent variable models, popular in machine learning. It has been applied to approximate the maximum likelihood estimator and…

Methodology · Statistics 2018-04-19 Yen-Chi Chen , Y. Samuel Wang , Elena A. Erosheva

Causal or unconfounded descriptive comparisons between multiple groups are common in observational studies. Motivated from a racial disparity study in health services research, we propose a unified propensity score weighting framework, the…

Methodology · Statistics 2019-07-10 Fan Li , Fan Li

Estimating a causal effect from observational data can be biased if we do not control for self-selection. This selection is based on confounding variables that affect the treatment assignment and the outcome. Propensity score methods aim to…

Econometrics · Economics 2021-09-10 Daniel Jacob

This paper studies covariate adjusted estimation of the average treatment effect in stratified experiments. We work in a general framework that includes matched tuples designs, coarse stratification, and complete randomization as special…

Econometrics · Economics 2024-07-23 Max Cytrynbaum

Long-term treatment effect estimation is a significant but challenging problem in many applications. Existing methods rely on ideal assumptions, such as no unobserved confounders or binary treatment, to estimate long-term average treatment…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-23 Zeqin Yang , Weilin Chen , Ruichu Cai , Yuguang Yan , Zhifeng Hao , Zhipeng Yu , Zhichao Zou , Jixing Xu , Zhen Peng , Jiecheng Guo

Propensity score weighting is a tool for causal inference to adjust for measured confounders. Survey data are often collected under complex sampling designs such as multistage cluster sampling, which presents challenges for propensity score…

Methodology · Statistics 2016-07-27 Shu Yang

We consider the estimation of the average treatment effect in the treated as a function of baseline covariates, where there is a valid (conditional) instrument. We describe two doubly robust (DR) estimators: a locally efficient g-estimator,…

Methodology · Statistics 2019-06-11 Karla DiazOrdaz , Rhian Daniel , Noemi Kreif

When examining a contrast between two interventions, longitudinal causal inference studies frequently encounter positivity violations when one or both regimes are impossible to observe for some subjects. Existing weighting methods either…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-08-11 Alec McClean , Iván Díaz

This paper develops a multiply robust (MR) dose-response estimator for causal inference problems involving multivalued treatments. We combine a family of generalised propensity score (GPS) models and a family of outcome regression (OR)…

Methodology · Statistics 2017-05-18 Cian Naik , Emma J. McCoy , Daniel J. Graham