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Although a great methodological effort has been invested in proposing competitive solutions to the class-imbalance problem, little effort has been made in pursuing a theoretical understanding of this matter. In order to shed some light on…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2016-09-04 Jonathan Ortigosa-Hernández , Iñaki Inza , Jose A. Lozano

Class imbalance in deep neural networks (DNNs) has witnessed a rapid increase in research attention in recent years. However, the varying accounts of the reasons behind the poor performance of DNN on imbalance data in pertinent literature…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Ismail B. Mustapha , Shafaatunnur Hasan , Sunday O. Olatunji , Hatem S. Y. Nabus

Despite the tremendous progress in the estimation of generative models, the development of tools for diagnosing their failures and assessing their performance has advanced at a much slower pace. Recent developments have investigated metrics…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-09 Josip Djolonga , Mario Lucic , Marco Cuturi , Olivier Bachem , Olivier Bousquet , Sylvain Gelly

In this study, we systematically investigate the impact of class imbalance on classification performance of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and compare frequently used methods to address the issue. Class imbalance is a common problem…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-10-16 Mateusz Buda , Atsuto Maki , Maciej A. Mazurowski

Class imbalance in real-world data poses a common bottleneck for machine learning tasks, since achieving good generalization on under-represented examples is often challenging. Mitigation strategies, such as under or oversampling the data…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2025-02-03 Emanuele Loffredo , Mauro Pastore , Simona Cocco , Rémi Monasson

The class-imbalance issue is intrinsic to many real-world machine learning tasks, particularly to the rare-event classification problems. Although the impact and treatment of imbalanced data is widely known, the magnitude of a metric's…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-22 Azim Ahmadzadeh , Rafal A. Angryk

Evaluation often aims to reduce the correctness or error characteristics of a system down to a single number, but that always involves trade-offs. Another way of dealing with this is to quote two numbers, such as Recall and Precision, or…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-09-03 David M. W. Powers

Class-bias, that is class-wise performance disparities, is typically attributed to data imbalance and addressed through frequency-based resampling. However, we demonstrate that substantial bias persists even in perfectly balanced datasets,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-13 Pawel Pukowski , Venet Osmani

With the recent success of generative models in image and text, the evaluation of generative models has gained a lot of attention. Whereas most generative models are compared in terms of scalar values such as Frechet Inception Distance…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-06 Benjamin Sykes , Loic Simon , Julien Rabin

We study the geometry of Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) and Precision-Recall (PR) curves in binary classification problems. The key finding is that many of the most commonly used binary classification metrics are merely functions…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-15 Reza Sameni

Defect prediction models that are trained on class imbalanced datasets (i.e., the proportion of defective and clean modules is not equally represented) are highly susceptible to produce inaccurate prediction models. Prior research compares…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2018-02-01 Chakkrit Tantithamthavorn , Ahmed E. Hassan , Kenichi Matsumoto

The difficulty of multi-class classification generally increases with the number of classes. Using data from a subset of the classes, can we predict how well a classifier will scale with an increased number of classes? Under the assumptions…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2017-12-29 Charles Zheng , Rakesh Achanta , Yuval Benjamini

We show that established performance metrics in binary classification, such as the F-score, the Jaccard similarity coefficient or Matthews' correlation coefficient (MCC), are not robust to class imbalance in the sense that if the proportion…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-04-12 Hajo Holzmann , Bernhard Klar

Class-Incremental Learning (CIL) trains a model to continually recognize new classes from non-stationary data while retaining learned knowledge. A major challenge of CIL arises when applying to real-world data characterized by non-uniform…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-04-02 Jiangpeng He , Fengqing Zhu

Class-wise characteristics of training examples affect the performance of deep classifiers. A well-studied example is when the number of training examples of classes follows a long-tailed distribution, a situation that is likely to yield…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-02 Z. S. Baltaci , K. Oksuz , S. Kuzucu , K. Tezoren , B. K. Konar , A. Ozkan , E. Akbas , S. Kalkan

Precision-recall (PR) curves and the areas under them are widely used to summarize machine learning results, especially for data sets exhibiting class skew. They are often used analogously to ROC curves and the area under ROC curves. It is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2012-07-19 Kendrick Boyd , Vitor Santos Costa , Jesse Davis , David Page

A systematic, comparative investigation into the effects of low-quality data reveals a stark spectrum of robustness across modern probabilistic models. We find that autoregressive language models, from token prediction to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Liu Peng , Yaochu Jin

As was shown recently, the measurement errors in regressors affect only the power of the rank test, but not its critical region. Noting that, we study the effect of measurement errors on R-estimators in linear model. It is demonstrated that…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2016-02-08 Jana Jurečková , Hira L. Koul , Radim Navrátil , Jan Picek

Learning classifiers using skewed or imbalanced datasets can occasionally lead to classification issues; this is a serious issue. In some cases, one class contains the majority of examples while the other, which is frequently the more…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-11 Satyendra Singh Rawat , Amit Kumar Mishra

Class imbalance is a fundamental problem in computer vision applications such as semantic segmentation. Specifically, uneven class distributions in a training dataset often result in unsatisfactory performance on under-represented classes.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-02-07 Junjiao Tian , Niluthpol Mithun , Zach Seymour , Han-Pang Chiu , Zsolt Kira