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Deep learning and convolutional neural networks in particular are powerful and promising tools for cosmological analysis of large-scale structure surveys. They are already providing similar performance to classical analysis methods using…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2026-05-06 Gaspard Aymerich , Tomasz Kacprzak , Alexandre Refregier

Understanding the predictions made by deep learning models remains a central challenge, especially in high-stakes applications. A promising approach is to equip models with the ability to answer counterfactual questions -- hypothetical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Inwoo Hwang , Yushu Pan , Elias Bareinboim

In recent years, deep learning researchers have focused on how to find the interpretability behind deep learning models. However, today cognitive competence of human has not completely covered the deep learning model. In other words, there…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-12-04 Jinwei Zhao , Qizhou Wang , Yufei Wang , Xinhong Hei , Yu Liu

Recent breakthroughs in machine and deep learning (ML and DL) research have provided excellent tools for leveraging enormous amounts of data and optimizing huge models with millions of parameters to obtain accurate networks for image…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-03-28 Mohammadreza Amirian

Deep learning, a branch of artificial intelligence, is a data-driven method that uses multiple layers of interconnected units or neurons to learn intricate patterns and representations directly from raw input data. Empowered by this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-28 Mohd Halim Mohd Noor , Ayokunle Olalekan Ige

Deep learning as represented by the artificial deep neural networks (DNNs) has achieved great success in many important areas that deal with text, images, videos, graphs, and so on. However, the black-box nature of DNNs has become one of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-29 Fenglei Fan , Jinjun Xiong , Mengzhou Li , Ge Wang

New technologies have led to vast troves of large and complex datasets across many scientific domains and industries. People routinely use machine learning techniques to not only process, visualize, and make predictions from this big data,…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-08-04 Genevera I. Allen , Luqin Gan , Lili Zheng

Machine learning solutions for pattern classification problems are nowadays widely deployed in society and industry. However, the lack of transparency and accountability of most accurate models often hinders their safe use. Thus, there is a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-24 Gonzalo Nápoles , Yamisleydi Salgueiro , Isel Grau , Maikel Leon Espinosa

With the continue development of Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), there is a growing concern regarding representations that they encode internally. Analyzing these internal representations is referred to as model interpretation. While…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-05-18 Hamed Behzadi-Khormouji , José Oramas

While many recent methods aim to unlearn or remove knowledge from pretrained models, seemingly erased knowledge often persists and can be recovered in various ways. Because large foundation models are far from interpretable, understanding…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Shingo Kodama , Niv Cohen , Micah Adler , Nir Shavit

A wide variety of model explanation approaches have been proposed in recent years, all guided by very different rationales and heuristics. In this paper, we take a new route and cast interpretability as a statistical inference problem. We…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-01 Hugo Henri Joseph Senetaire , Damien Garreau , Jes Frellsen , Pierre-Alexandre Mattei

Multimodal learning aims to enhance perceptual and decision-making capabilities by integrating information from diverse sources. However, classical deep learning approaches face a critical trade-off between the high accuracy of black-box…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-14 Yu Wu , Qianli Zhou , Jie Geng , Xinyang Deng , Wen Jiang

As the use of deep learning techniques has grown across various fields over the past decade, complaints about the opaqueness of the black-box models have increased, resulting in an increased focus on transparency in deep learning models.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-19 Siwen Luo , Hamish Ivison , Caren Han , Josiah Poon

We formalize a novel modeling framework for achieving interpretability in deep learning, anchored in the principle of inference equivariance. While the direct verification of interpretability scales exponentially with the number of…

The success of artificial intelligence (AI), and deep learning models in particular, has led to their widespread adoption across various industries due to their ability to process huge amounts of data and learn complex patterns. However,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-09-22 Wei Jie Yeo , Wihan van der Heever , Rui Mao , Erik Cambria , Ranjan Satapathy , Gianmarco Mengaldo

Deep learning models are favored in many research and industry areas and have reached the accuracy of approximating or even surpassing human level. However they've long been considered by researchers as black-box models for their…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-16 Xiaojian Wang , Jingyuan Wang , Ke Tang

Concept-based Models are a class of inherently explainable networks that improve upon standard Deep Neural Networks by providing a rationale behind their predictions using human-understandable `concepts'. With these models being highly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-06 Sanchit Sinha , Aidong Zhang

Interpretable machine learning has exploded as an area of interest over the last decade, sparked by the rise of increasingly large datasets and deep neural networks. Simultaneously, large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-06 Chandan Singh , Jeevana Priya Inala , Michel Galley , Rich Caruana , Jianfeng Gao

The widespread use of deep neural networks has achieved substantial success in many tasks. However, there still exists a huge gap between the operating mechanism of deep learning models and human-understandable decision making, so that…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-03-08 Xiaowei Zhou , Jie Yin , Ivor Tsang , Chen Wang

There is a need of ensuring machine learning models that are interpretable. Higher interpretability of the model means easier comprehension and explanation of future predictions for end-users. Further, interpretable machine learning models…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-08-17 Gregor Stiglic , Primoz Kocbek , Nino Fijacko , Marinka Zitnik , Katrien Verbert , Leona Cilar