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We perform optimal-control-theory calculations to determine the minimum number of two-qubit CNOT gates needed to perform quantum state preparation and unitary operator synthesis for few-qubit systems. By considering all possible gate…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-08-24 Sahel Ashhab , Naoki Yamamoto , Fumiki Yoshihara , Kouichi Semba

Current quantum devices have unutilized high-level quantum resources. More and more attention has been paid to the qudit quantum systems with larger than two dimensions to maximize the potential computing power of quantum computation. Then,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-04-18 Shuai Yang , Lihao Xu , Guojing Tian , Xiaoming Sun

If a set $\mathbb{G}$ of quantum gates is countable, then the operators that can be exactly represented by a circuit over $\mathbb{G}$ form a strict subset of the collection of all unitary operators. When $\mathbb{G}$ is universal, one…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-05-16 M. Amy , M. Crawford , A. N. Glaudell , M. L. Macasieb , S. S. Mendelson , N. J. Ross

Block encoding is a successful technique used in several powerful quantum algorithms. In this work we provide an explicit quantum circuit for block encoding a sparse matrix with a periodic diagonal structure. The proposed methodology is…

Despite rapid progress in the field, it is still challenging to discover new ways to take advantage of quantum computation: all quantum algorithms need to be designed by hand, and quantum mechanics is notoriously counterintuitive. In this…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-05-04 Leopoldo Sarra , Kevin Ellis , Florian Marquardt

Over a decade ago, it was demonstrated that quantum computing has the potential to revolutionize numerical linear algebra by enabling algorithms with complexity superior to what is classically achievable, e.g., the seminal HHL algorithm for…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-11 Liron Mor Yosef , Haim Avron

Executing quantum algorithms on a quantum computer requires compilation to representations that conform to all restrictions imposed by the device. Due to devices' limited coherence times and gate fidelities, the compilation process has to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-16 Sarah Schneider , Lukas Burgholzer , Robert Wille

The current phase of quantum computing is in the Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum (NISQ) era. On NISQ devices, two-qubit gates such as CNOTs are much noisier than single-qubit gates, so it is essential to minimize their count. Quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-03-24 Xin-Chuan Wu , Marc Grau Davis , Frederic T. Chong , Costin Iancu

We introduce Unitaria, a Python library that brings the simplicity of classical linear algebra toolkits such as NumPy and SciPy to the implementation of quantum algorithms based on block encodings, a general-purpose abstraction in which a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-12 Matthias Deiml , Oliver Hüttenhofer , Ram Mosco , Jakob S. Kottmann , Daniel Peterseim

While a couple of impressive quantum technologies have been proposed, they have several intrinsic limitations which must be considered by circuit designers to produce realizable circuits. Limited interaction distance between gate qubits is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2012-09-06 Mehdi Saeedi , Robert Wille , Rolf Drechsler

We propose a method for exact circuit synthesis using a discrete gate set, as required for fault-tolerant quantum computing. Our approach translates the problem of synthesizing a gate specified by its unitary matrix into a boolean…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-03-20 Élie Gouzien , Nicolas Sangouard

Fault-tolerant quantum computers compose elements of a discrete gate set in order to approximate a target unitary. The problem of minimising the number of gates is known as gate-synthesis. The approximation error is a form of coherent…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-04-12 Earl Campbell

Quantum circuit synthesis is the process in which an arbitrary unitary operation is decomposed into a sequence of gates from a universal set, typically one which a quantum computer can implement both efficiently and fault-tolerantly. As…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-10-17 Olivia Di Matteo , Michele Mosca

This paper concerns the efficient implementation of quantum circuits for qudits. We show that controlled two-qudit gates can be implemented without ancillas and prove that the gate library containing arbitrary local unitaries and one…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Gavin K. Brennen , Stephen S. Bullock , Dianne P. O'Leary

Compiling quantum circuits to account for hardware restrictions is an essential part of the quantum computing stack. Circuit compilation allows us to adapt algorithm descriptions into a sequence of operations supported by real quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-14 Alejandro Villoria , Henning Basold , Alfons Laarman

The synthesis of a quantum circuit consists in decomposing a unitary matrix into a series of elementary operations. In this paper, we propose a circuit synthesis method based on the QR factorization via Householder transformations. We…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2020-04-17 Timothée Goubault de Brugière , Marc Baboulin , Benoît Valiron , Cyril Allouche

We use a random search technique to find quantum gate sequences that implement perfect quantum state preparation or unitary operator synthesis with arbitrary targets. This approach is based on the recent discovery that there is a large…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-10-25 Sahel Ashhab , Fumiki Yoshihara , Miwako Tsuji , Mitsuhisa Sato , Kouichi Semba

This paper presents a deep reinforcement learning approach for synthesizing unitaries into quantum circuits. Unitary synthesis aims to identify a quantum circuit that represents a given unitary while minimizing circuit depth, total gate…

Gate-based universal quantum computation is formulated in terms of two types of operations: local single-qubit gates, which are typically easily implementable, and two-qubit entangling gates, whose faithful implementation remains one of the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-10-18 Xiaoqin Gao , Paul Appel , Nicolai Friis , Martin Ringbauer , Marcus Huber

Quantum circuit synthesis and compilation are critical components in the quantum computing stack, both for contemporary quantum systems, where efficient use of limited resources is essential, as well as for large-scale fault-tolerant…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-21 Jonathan Nemirovsky , Maya Chuchem , Lee Peleg , Yakov Solomons , Amit Ben Kish , Yotam Shapira