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We seek to improve deep neural networks by generalizing the pooling operations that play a central role in current architectures. We pursue a careful exploration of approaches to allow pooling to learn and to adapt to complex and variable…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2015-10-13 Chen-Yu Lee , Patrick W. Gallagher , Zhuowen Tu

The paper deals with a multiobjective combinatorial optimization problem with $K$ linear cost functions. The popular Ordered Weighted Averaging (OWA) criterion is used to aggregate the cost functions and compute a solution. It is well known…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2018-04-11 André Chassein , Marc Goerigk , Adam Kasperski , Paweł Zieliński

Most recent CNN architectures use average pooling as a final feature encoding step. In the field of fine-grained recognition, however, recent global representations like bilinear pooling offer improved performance. In this paper, we…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2017-07-21 Marcel Simon , Yang Gao , Trevor Darrell , Joachim Denzler , Erik Rodner

This work proposes a simple instance retrieval pipeline based on encoding the convolutional features of CNN using the bag of words aggregation scheme (BoW). Assigning each local array of activations in a convolutional layer to a visual word…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2016-06-21 Eva Mohedano , Amaia Salvador , Kevin McGuinness , Ferran Marques , Noel E. O'Connor , Xavier Giro-i-Nieto

Deep neural networks are typically trained by optimizing a loss function with an SGD variant, in conjunction with a decaying learning rate, until convergence. We show that simple averaging of multiple points along the trajectory of SGD,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-02-26 Pavel Izmailov , Dmitrii Podoprikhin , Timur Garipov , Dmitry Vetrov , Andrew Gordon Wilson

The ordered weighted averaging (OWA) operators play a crucial role in aggregating multiple criteria evaluations into an overall assessment supporting the decision makers' choice. One key point steps is to determine the associated weights.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-09-11 Xiuyan Sha , Zeshui Xu , Chuancun Yin

This article gives a survey for bag-of-words (BoW) or bag-of-features model in image retrieval system. In recent years, large-scale image retrieval shows significant potential in both industry applications and research problems. As local…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2013-04-19 Jialu Liu

In convolutional neural networks (CNNs), pooling operations play important roles such as dimensionality reduction and deformation compensation. In general, max pooling, which is the most widely used operation for local pooling, is performed…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-08-07 Takato Otsuzuki , Hideaki Hayashi , Yuchen Zheng , Seiichi Uchida

Several recent works have shown that image descriptors produced by deep convolutional neural networks provide state-of-the-art performance for image classification and retrieval problems. It has also been shown that the activations from the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2015-10-27 Artem Babenko , Victor Lempitsky

Unsupervised dictionary learning has been a key component in state-of-the-art computer vision recognition architectures. While highly effective methods exist for patch-based dictionary learning, these methods may learn redundant features…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2013-02-21 Yangqing Jia , Oriol Vinyals , Trevor Darrell

Detecting complex events in a large video collection crawled from video websites is a challenging task. When applying directly good image-based feature representation, e.g., HOG, SIFT, to videos, we have to face the problem of how to pool…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2016-08-22 Lan Wang , Chenqiang Gao , Jiang Liu , Deyu Meng

Biologically inspired, from the early HMAX model to Spatial Pyramid Matching, pooling has played an important role in visual recognition pipelines. Spatial pooling, by grouping of local codes, equips these methods with a certain degree of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2015-05-06 Mateusz Malinowski , Mario Fritz

Region sampling or weighting is significantly important to the success of modern region-based object detectors. Unlike some previous works, which only focus on "hard" samples when optimizing the objective function, we argue that sample…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-06-16 Qi Cai , Yingwei Pan , Yu Wang , Jingen Liu , Ting Yao , Tao Mei

Decisions under uncertainty or with multiple objectives usually require the decision maker to formulate a preference regarding risks or trade-offs. If this preference is known, the ordered weighted averaging (OWA) criterion can be applied…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-08-02 Werner Baak , Marc Goerigk , Michael Hartisch

A straightforward pipeline for zero-shot out-of-distribution (OOD) detection involves selecting potential OOD labels from an extensive semantic pool and then leveraging a pre-trained vision-language model to perform classification on both…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-10-14 Mengyuan Chen , Junyu Gao , Changsheng Xu

Image classification is considered, and a hierarchical max-pooling model with additional local pooling is introduced. Here the additional local pooling enables the hierachical model to combine parts of the image which have a variable…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-06-10 Benjamin Walter

Multiobjective combinatorial optimization deals with problems considering more than one viewpoint or scenario. The problem of aggregating multiple criteria to obtain a globalizing objective function is of special interest when the number of…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2013-06-07 Elena Fernández , Miguel A. Pozo , Justo Puerto

A number of recent studies have shown that a Deep Convolutional Neural Network (DCNN) pretrained on a large dataset can be adopted as a universal image description which leads to astounding performance in many visual classification tasks.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2014-12-01 Lingqiao Liu , Chunhua Shen , Anton van den Hengel

Pooling layers are essential building blocks of convolutional neural networks (CNNs), to reduce computational overhead and increase the receptive fields of proceeding convolutional operations. Their goal is to produce downsampled volumes…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-12-05 Alexandros Stergiou , Ronald Poppe

The goal of this paper is to introduce pooling strategies for simplicial convolutional neural networks. Inspired by graph pooling methods, we introduce a general formulation for a simplicial pooling layer that performs: i) local aggregation…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-10-12 Domenico Mattia Cinque , Claudio Battiloro , Paolo Di Lorenzo