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Computational models of pragmatic language use have traditionally relied on hand-specified sets of utterances and meanings, limiting their applicability to real-world language use. We propose a neuro-symbolic framework that enhances…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Polina Tsvilodub , Robert D. Hawkins , Michael Franke

Transformer language models have received widespread public attention, yet their generated text is often surprising even to NLP researchers. In this survey, we discuss over 250 recent studies of English language model behavior before…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-08-29 Tyler A. Chang , Benjamin K. Bergen

Large Language Models (LLMs) store an extensive amount of factual knowledge obtained from vast collections of text. To effectively utilize these models for downstream tasks, it is crucial to have reliable methods for measuring their…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-13 Pouya Pezeshkpour

The remarkable performance of Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) has unequivocally demonstrated their proficient understanding capabilities in handling a wide array of visual tasks. Nevertheless, the opaque nature of their black-box…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-08-06 Minghe Gao , Shuang Chen , Liang Pang , Yuan Yao , Jisheng Dang , Wenqiao Zhang , Juncheng Li , Siliang Tang , Yueting Zhuang , Tat-Seng Chua

Reinforcement learning with evaluation metrics as rewards is widely used to enhance specific capabilities of language models. However, for tasks such as factually consistent summarisation, existing metrics remain underdeveloped, limiting…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Yuxuan Ye , Raul Santos-Rodriguez , Edwin Simpson

Recent work has suggested that language models (LMs) store both common-sense and factual knowledge learned from pre-training data. In this paper, we leverage this implicit knowledge to create an effective end-to-end fact checker using a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-07-27 Nayeon Lee , Belinda Z. Li , Sinong Wang , Wen-tau Yih , Hao Ma , Madian Khabsa

Pre-trained language models (PLMs) contain vast amounts of factual knowledge, but how the knowledge is stored in the parameters remains unclear. This paper delves into the complex task of understanding how factual knowledge is stored in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-21 Yuheng Chen , Pengfei Cao , Yubo Chen , Kang Liu , Jun Zhao

Pre-trained language models learn informative word representations on a large-scale text corpus through self-supervised learning, which has achieved promising performance in fields of natural language processing (NLP) after fine-tuning.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-31 Jian Yang , Xinyu Hu , Gang Xiao , Yulong Shen

Large language models may encounter factual knowledge during pre-training yet fail to reliably use that knowledge after fine-tuning. Despite growing empirical evidence that MLP layers store factual associations and fine-tuning affects…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Ruichen Xu , Kexin Chen

Large language models (LLMs) are a promising venue for natural language understanding and generation tasks. However, current LLMs are far from reliable: they are prone to generate non-factual information and, more crucially, to contradict…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-22 Diego Calanzone , Stefano Teso , Antonio Vergari

The dominating NLP paradigm of training a strong neural predictor to perform one task on a specific dataset has led to state-of-the-art performance in a variety of applications (eg. sentiment classification, span-prediction based question…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-06 Paul Michel

Over time, a growing wave of large language models from various series has been introduced to the community. Researchers are striving to maximize the performance of language models with constrained parameter sizes. However, from a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-24 Yihuai Hong , Yiran Zhao , Wei Tang , Yang Deng , Yu Rong , Wenxuan Zhang

Contextual word representations derived from large-scale neural language models are successful across a diverse set of NLP tasks, suggesting that they encode useful and transferable features of language. To shed light on the linguistic…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-04-29 Nelson F. Liu , Matt Gardner , Yonatan Belinkov , Matthew E. Peters , Noah A. Smith

Sample efficiency is a crucial property of language models with practical implications for training efficiency. In real-world text, information follows a long-tailed distribution. Yet, we expect models to learn and recall frequent and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-23 Daniel Christoph , Max Ploner , Patrick Haller , Alan Akbik

Large language models (LLMs) have made remarkable progress in various natural language processing tasks as a benefit of their capability to comprehend and reason with factual knowledge. However, a significant amount of factual knowledge is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-23 Sirui Huang , Yanggan Gu , Xuming Hu , Zhonghao Li , Qing Li , Guandong Xu

Previous works show that Pre-trained Language Models (PLMs) can capture factual knowledge. However, some analyses reveal that PLMs fail to perform it robustly, e.g., being sensitive to the changes of prompts when extracting factual…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-21 Shaobo Li , Xiaoguang Li , Lifeng Shang , Chengjie Sun , Bingquan Liu , Zhenzhou Ji , Xin Jiang , Qun Liu

Acquiring factual knowledge for language models (LMs) in low-resource languages poses a serious challenge, thus resorting to cross-lingual transfer in multilingual LMs (ML-LMs). In this study, we ask how ML-LMs acquire and represent factual…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-11 Xin Zhao , Naoki Yoshinaga , Daisuke Oba

What happens when a new piece of knowledge is introduced into the training data and how long does it last while a large language model (LM) continues to train? We investigate this question by injecting facts into LMs from a new probing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-30 Chen Sun , Nolan Andrew Miller , Andrey Zhmoginov , Max Vladymyrov , Mark Sandler

The fluency and creativity of large pre-trained language models (LLMs) have led to their widespread use, sometimes even as a replacement for traditional search engines. Yet language models are prone to making convincing but factually…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-15 Katherine Tian , Eric Mitchell , Huaxiu Yao , Christopher D. Manning , Chelsea Finn

Large language models (LLMs) have developed impressive performance and strong explainability across various reasoning scenarios, marking a significant stride towards mimicking human-like intelligence. Despite this, when tasked with several…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-12 Kai Xiong , Xiao Ding , Ting Liu , Bing Qin , Dongliang Xu , Qing Yang , Hongtao Liu , Yixin Cao