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Synthetic Benchmark Problems (SBPs) are commonly used to evaluate the performance of metaheuristic algorithms. However, these SBPs often contain various unrealistic properties, potentially leading to underestimation or overestimation of…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-10-30 Kaichen Ouyang , Yezhi Xia

We consider box-constrained robust optimisation problems with implementation uncertainty. In this setting, the solution that a decision maker wants to implement may become perturbed. The aim is to find a solution that optimises the worst…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2018-09-10 Martin Hughes , Marc Goerigk , Michael Wright

In the power and energy systems area, a progressive increase of literature contributions containing applications of metaheuristic algorithms is occurring. In many cases, these applications are merely aimed at proposing the testing of an…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-08-19 Gianfranco Chicco , Andrea Mazza

Benchmarks are used for testing new optimization algorithms and their variants to evaluate their performance. Most existing benchmarks are smooth functions. This chapter introduces ten new benchmarks with different properties, including…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-09-06 Xin-She Yang

We consider black-box optimization in which only an extremely limited number of function evaluations, on the order of around 100, are affordable and the function evaluations must be performed in even fewer batches of a limited number of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-19 Carlos Ansotegui , Meinolf Sellmann , Tapan Shah , Kevin Tierney

Algorithms for continuous optimization problems have a rich history of design and innovation over the past several decades, in which mathematical analysis of their convergence and complexity properties plays a central role. Besides their…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-12-03 Stephen J. Wright

When designing a benchmark problem set, it is important to create a set of benchmark problems that are a good generalization of the set of all possible problems. One possible way of easing this difficult task is by using artificially…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2021-04-28 Urban Škvorc , Tome Eftimov , Peter Korošec

Black-box optimization (BBO) has a broad range of applications, including automatic machine learning, engineering, physics, and experimental design. However, it remains a challenge for users to apply BBO methods to their problems at hand…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-05 Yang Li , Yu Shen , Wentao Zhang , Yuanwei Chen , Huaijun Jiang , Mingchao Liu , Jiawei Jiang , Jinyang Gao , Wentao Wu , Zhi Yang , Ce Zhang , Bin Cui

In an era where data-driven decision-making and computational efficiency are paramount, optimization plays a foundational role in advancing fields such as mathematics, computer science, operations research, machine learning, and beyond.…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2025-03-11 Jun Lu

Metaheuristics are stochastic optimization algorithms that mimic natural processes to find optimal solutions to complex problems. The success of metaheuristics largely depends on the ability to effectively explore and exploit the search…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-11-26 Salar Farahmand-Tabar

AI models are increasingly prevalent in high-stakes environments, necessitating thorough assessment of their capabilities and risks. Benchmarks are popular for measuring these attributes and for comparing model performance, tracking…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-11-21 Anka Reuel , Amelia Hardy , Chandler Smith , Max Lamparth , Malcolm Hardy , Mykel J. Kochenderfer

In the context of optimization, visualization techniques can be useful for understanding the behaviour of optimization algorithms and can even provide a means to facilitate human interaction with an optimizer. Towards this goal, an…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2020-07-27 Kyle Robert Harrison , Azam Asilian Bidgoli , Shahryar Rahnamayan , Kalyanmoy Deb

Benchmarking, which involves collecting reference datasets and demonstrating method performances, is a requirement for the development of new computational tools, but also becomes a domain of its own to achieve neutral comparisons of…

Other Quantitative Biology · Quantitative Biology 2025-07-24 Izaskun Mallona , Charlotte Soneson , Ben Carrillo , Almut Luetge , Daniel Incicau , Reto Gerber , Anthony Sonrel , Mark D. Robinson

Fair algorithm evaluation is conditioned on the existence of high-quality benchmark datasets that are non-redundant and are representative of typical optimization scenarios. In this paper, we evaluate three heuristics for selecting diverse…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2022-04-26 Gjorgjina Cenikj , Ryan Dieter Lang , Andries Petrus Engelbrecht , Carola Doerr , Peter Korošec , Tome Eftimov

The widespread adoption of black-box models in Artificial Intelligence has enhanced the need for explanation methods to reveal how these obscure models reach specific decisions. Retrieving explanations is fundamental to unveil possible…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-02-26 Francesco Bodria , Fosca Giannotti , Riccardo Guidotti , Francesca Naretto , Dino Pedreschi , Salvatore Rinzivillo

Through recent progress in hardware development, quantum computers have advanced to the point where benchmarking of (heuristic) quantum algorithms at scale is within reach. Particularly in combinatorial optimization - where most algorithms…

Accurately predicting the performance of different optimization algorithms for previously unseen problem instances is crucial for high-performing algorithm selection and configuration techniques. In the context of numerical optimization,…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2021-04-23 Tome Eftimov , Anja Jankovic , Gorjan Popovski , Carola Doerr , Peter Korošec

Machine learning algorithms have been used widely in various applications and areas. To fit a machine learning model into different problems, its hyper-parameters must be tuned. Selecting the best hyper-parameter configuration for machine…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-06 Li Yang , Abdallah Shami

Constrained blackbox optimization is a difficult problem, with most approaches coming from the mathematical programming literature. The statistical literature is sparse, especially in addressing problems with nontrivial constraints. This…

Bayesian optimisation has proven to be a powerful tool for expensive global black-box optimisation problems. In this paper, we propose new Bayesian optimisation variants of the popular Knowledge Gradient acquisition functions for problems…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-22 Xietao Wang Lin , Juan Ungredda , Max Butler , James Town , Alma Rahat , Hemant Singh , Juergen Branke