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Creating large-scale high-quality labeled datasets is a major bottleneck in supervised machine learning workflows. Threshold-based auto-labeling (TBAL), where validation data obtained from humans is used to find a confidence threshold above…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-23 Harit Vishwakarma , Heguang Lin , Frederic Sala , Ramya Korlakai Vinayak

We report the findings of a reimplementation of 18 foundational studies in feature-based machine learning for Android malware detection, published during the period 2013-2023. These studies are reevaluated on a level playing field using a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-22 Ali Muzaffar , Hani Ragab Hassen , Hind Zantout , Michael A Lones

In the digitized world, smartphones and their apps play an important role. To name just a few examples, some apps offer possibilities for entertainment, others for online banking, and others offer support for two-factor authentication.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-07-18 Alexander Hefter , Christoph Sendner , Alexandra Dmitrienko

Thousands of malicious applications targeting mobile devices, including the popular Android platform, are created every day. A large number of those applications are created by a small number of professional under-ground actors, however…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-03-06 Hyunjae Kang , Jae-wook Jang , Aziz Mohaisen , Huy Kang Kim

The rapid evolution of Android malware poses significant challenges to the maintenance and security of mobile applications (apps). Traditional detection techniques often struggle to keep pace with emerging malware variants that employ…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Tiezhu Sun , Marco Alecci , Aleksandr Pilgun , Yewei Song , Xunzhu Tang , Jordan Samhi , Tegawendé F. Bissyandé , Jacques Klein

Machine learning methods can detect Android malware with very high accuracy. However, these classifiers have an Achilles heel, concept drift: they rapidly become out of date and ineffective, due to the evolution of malware apps and benign…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-06-16 Yizheng Chen , Zhoujie Ding , David Wagner

Machine learning-based Android malware detectors often fail in real-world deployment due to domain shift, where models trained on one data source perform poorly on applications from another. This paper presents a comprehensive study on the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Md Rafid Islam

It is well known that antivirus engines are vulnerable to evasion techniques (e.g., obfuscation) that transform malware into its variants. However, it cannot be necessarily attributed to the effectiveness of these evasions, and the limits…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-29 Guozhu Meng , Zhixiu Guo , Xiaodong Zhang , Haoyu Wang , Kai Chen , Yang Liu

Android-based smart devices are exponentially growing, and due to the ubiquity of the Internet, these devices are globally connected to the different devices/networks. Its popularity, attractive features, and mobility make malware creator…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-06-03 Sanjay K. Sahay , Ashu Sharma

The reliability of machine learning critically depends on dataset quality. While machine learning applied to computer vision and natural language processing benefits from high-quality benchmark datasets, cyber security often falls behind,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Theo Chow , Mario D'Onghia , Lorenz Linhardt , Zeliang Kan , Daniel Arp , Lorenzo Cavallaro , Fabio Pierazzi

The persistent threat of Android malware presents a serious challenge to the security of millions of users globally. While many machine learning-based methods have been developed to detect these threats, their reliance on large labeled…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-08 M. Tahir Akdeniz , Zeynep Yeşilkaya , İ. Enes Köse , İ. Ulaş Ünal , Sevil Şen

The misunderstanding and incorrect configurations of cryptographic primitives have exposed severe security vulnerabilities to attackers. Due to the pervasiveness and diversity of cryptographic misuses, a comprehensive and accurate…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-05-16 Cong Sun , Xinpeng Xu , Yafei Wu , Dongrui Zeng , Gang Tan , Siqi Ma , Peicheng Wang

The extensive damage caused by malware requires anti-malware systems to be constantly improved to prevent new threats. The current trend in malware detection is to employ machine learning models to aid in the classification process. We…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-01-31 Marcus Carpenter , Chunbo Luo

The widespread use of smartphones in daily life has raised concerns about privacy and security among researchers and practitioners. Privacy issues are generally highly prevalent in mobile applications, particularly targeting the Android…

While graph-based Android malware classifiers achieve over 94% accuracy on standard benchmarks, they exhibit a significant generalization gap under distribution shift, suffering up to 45% performance degradation when encountering unseen…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-11 Ngoc N. Tran , Anwar Said , Waseem Abbas , Tyler Derr , Xenofon D. Koutsoukos

For the dramatic increase of Android malware and low efficiency of manual check process, deep learning methods started to be an auxiliary means for Android malware detection these years. However, these models are highly dependent on the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-09-10 Ji Wang , Qi Jing , Jianbo Gao

With the development in the field of smartphones and ever growing base of Internet, various softwares are left prone to many malicious activities like pharming, phishing, ransomware, spam, spoofing, spyware, eavesdropping, etc. These…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-12-30 Soumya Sourav , Devashish Khulbe , Naman Kapoor

Machine Learning (ML) promises to enhance the efficacy of Android Malware Detection (AMD); however, ML models are vulnerable to realistic evasion attacks--crafting realizable Adversarial Examples (AEs) that satisfy Android malware domain…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-25 Hamid Bostani , Zhengyu Zhao , Zhuoran Liu , Veelasha Moonsamy

Deep learning has emerged as a promising technology for achieving Android malware detection. To further unleash its detection potentials, software visualization can be integrated for analyzing the details of app behaviors clearly. However,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-10-10 Zhaoyi Meng , Jiale Zhang , Jiaqi Guo , Wansen Wang , Wenchao Huang , Jie Cui , Hong Zhong , Yan Xiong

Since Android has become a popular software platform for mobile devices recently; they offer almost the same functionality as personal computers. Malwares have also become a big concern. As the number of new Android applications tends to be…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-06-05 Muhammad Zuhair Qadir , Atif Nisar Jilani , Hassam Ullah Sheikh