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Real-Time Bidding is a new Internet advertising system that has become very popular in recent years. This system works like a global auction where advertisers bid to display their impressions in the publishers' ad slots. The most popular…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2020-10-26 Luis Miralles-Pechuán , Fernando Jiménez , José Manuel García

Bid shading plays a crucial role in Real-Time Bidding (RTB) by adaptively adjusting the bid to avoid advertisers overspending. Existing mainstream two-stage methods, which first model bid landscapes and then optimize surplus using…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2026-04-30 Yinqiu Huang , Hao Ma , Wenshuai Chen , Zongwei Wang , Shuli Wang , Yongqiang Zhang , Xue Wei , Yinhua Zhu , Haitao Wang , Xingxing Wang

In today's online advertising markets, a crucial requirement for an advertiser is to control her total expenditure within a time horizon under some budget. Among various budget control methods, throttling has emerged as a popular choice,…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2023-12-14 Zhaohua Chen , Chang Wang , Qian Wang , Yuqi Pan , Zhuming Shi , Zheng Cai , Yukun Ren , Zhihua Zhu , Xiaotie Deng

In display advertising, advertisers want to achieve a marketing objective with constraints on budget and cost-per-outcome. This is usually formulated as an optimization problem that maximizes the total utility under constraints. The…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2024-09-09 Anoop R Katti , Rui C. Gonçalves , Rinchin Iakovlev

Auto-bidding services optimize real-time bidding strategies for advertisers under key performance indicator (KPI) constraints such as target return on investment and budget. However, uncertainties such as model prediction errors and…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2026-04-08 Linghui Meng , Chun Gan , Shengsheng Niu , Chengcheng Zhang , Chenchen Li , Chuan Yang , Yi Mao , Xin Zhu , Jie He , Zhangang Lin , Ching Law

We study and formulate arbitrage in display advertising. Real-Time Bidding (RTB) mimics stock spot exchanges and utilises computers to algorithmically buy display ads per impression via a real-time auction. Despite the new automation, the…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2015-06-15 Weinan Zhang , Jun Wang

Internet live streaming is widely used in online entertainment and e-commerce, where live advertising is an important marketing tool for anchors. An advertising campaign hopes to maximize the effect (such as conversions) under constraints…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-08-11 Bo Yang , Ruixuan Luo , Junqi Jin , Han Zhu

Online display advertising platforms service numerous advertisers by providing real-time bidding (RTB) for the scale of billions of ad requests every day. The bidding strategy handles ad requests cross multiple channels to maximize the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-21 Hao Wang , Bo Tang , Chi Harold Liu , Shangqin Mao , Jiahong Zhou , Zipeng Dai , Yaqi Sun , Qianlong Xie , Xingxing Wang , Dong Wang

In display ad auctions of Real-Time Bid-ding (RTB), a typical Demand-Side Platform (DSP)bids based on the predicted probability of click and conversion right after an ad impression. Recent studies find such a strategy is suboptimal and…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2022-03-01 Daisuke Moriwaki , Yuta Hayakawa , Akira Matsui , Yuta Saito , Isshu Munemasa , Masashi Shibata

Incrementality, which is used to measure the causal effect of showing an ad to a potential customer (e.g. a user in an internet platform) versus not, is a central object for advertisers in online advertising platforms. This paper…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-18 Ashwinkumar Badanidiyuru , Zhe Feng , Tianxi Li , Haifeng Xu

Traditional auction theory posits that bid value exhibits a positive correlation with the probability of securing the auctioned object in ascending auctions. However, under uncertainty and incomplete information, as is characteristic in…

Theoretical Economics · Economics 2025-12-19 Dipankar Das

In online display advertising, guaranteed contracts and real-time bidding (RTB) are two major ways to sell impressions for a publisher. Despite the increasing popularity of RTB, there is still half of online display advertising revenue…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-09-11 Di Wu , Cheng Chen , Xun Yang , Xiujun Chen , Qing Tan , Jian Xu , Kun Gai

In online advertising, the inherent complexity and dynamic nature of advertising environments necessitate the use of auto-bidding services to assist advertisers in bid optimization. This complexity is further compounded in multi-channel…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-27 Xinxin Yang , Yangyang Tang , Yikun Zhou , Yaolei Liu , Yun Li , Bo Yang

Online display advertising is growing rapidly in recent years thanks to the automation of the ad buying process. Real-time bidding (RTB) allows the automated trading of ad impressions between advertisers and publishers through real-time…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-08-31 Yang Qiu , Nikolaos Tziortziotis , Martial Hue , Michalis Vazirgiannis

Online retailers often use third-party demand-side-platforms (DSPs) to conduct offsite advertising and reach shoppers across the Internet on behalf of their advertisers. The process involves the retailer participating in instant auctions…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-10-26 Hangjian Li , Dong Xu , Konstantin Shmakov , Kuang-Chih Lee , Wei Shen

We study reserve price optimization in multi-phase second price auctions, where the seller's prior actions affect the bidders' later valuations through a Markov Decision Process (MDP). Compared to the bandit setting in existing works, the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-04 Rui Ai , Boxiang Lyu , Zhaoran Wang , Zhuoran Yang , Michael I. Jordan

Auto-bidding plays a crucial role in facilitating online advertising by automatically providing bids for advertisers. Reinforcement learning (RL) has gained popularity for auto-bidding. However, most current RL auto-bidding methods are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-10 Jiayan Guo , Yusen Huo , Zhilin Zhang , Tianyu Wang , Chuan Yu , Jian Xu , Yan Zhang , Bo Zheng

Digital advertising platforms operate millisecond-level auctions through Real-Time Bidding (RTB) systems, where advertisers compete for ad impressions through algorithmic bids. This dynamic mechanism enables precise audience targeting but…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-11 Pusen Dong , Chenglong Cao , Xinyu Zhou , Jirong You , Linhe Xu , Feifan Xu , Shuo Yuan

Real-time Bidding (RTB) advertisers wish to \textit{know in advance} the expected cost and yield of ad campaigns to avoid trial-and-error expenses. However, Campaign Performance Forecasting (CPF), a sequence modeling task involving tens of…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-05-20 XiaoYu Wang , YongHui Guo , Hui Sheng , Peili Lv , Chi Zhou , Wei Huang , ShiQin Ta , Dongbo Huang , XiuJin Yang , Lan Xu , Hao Zhou , Yusheng Ji

This paper proposes a diffusion-based auto-bidding framework that leverages graph representations to model large-scale auction environments. In such settings, agents must dynamically optimize bidding strategies under constraints defined by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-22 Dom Huh , Prasant Mohapatra