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Probing techniques for large language models (LLMs) have primarily focused on English, overlooking the vast majority of the world's languages. In this paper, we extend these probing methods to a multilingual context, investigating the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-03 Daoyang Li , Haiyan Zhao , Qingcheng Zeng , Mengnan Du

We introduce an architecture to learn joint multilingual sentence representations for 93 languages, belonging to more than 30 different families and written in 28 different scripts. Our system uses a single BiLSTM encoder with a shared BPE…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-12-28 Mikel Artetxe , Holger Schwenk

Recent progress on unsupervised learning of cross-lingual embeddings in bilingual setting has given impetus to learning a shared embedding space for several languages without any supervision. A popular framework to solve the latter problem…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-04-21 Pratik Jawanpuria , Mayank Meghwanshi , Bamdev Mishra

Software visualizations can provide a concise overview of a complex software system. Unfortunately, since software has no physical shape, there is no "natural" mapping of software to a two-dimensional space. As a consequence most…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2012-09-26 Adrian Kuhn , Peter Loretan , Oscar Nierstrasz

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used for automated code refactoring tasks. Although these models can quickly refactor code, the quality may exhibit inconsistencies and unpredictable behavior. In this article, we systematically…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-02-26 Norman Peitek , Julia Hess , Sven Apel

While Large Language Models have gained attention, many service developers still rely on embedding-based models due to practical constraints. In such cases, the quality of fine-tuning data directly impacts performance, and English datasets…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-27 Jong Myoung Kim , Young-Jun Lee , Ho-Jin Choi , Sangkeun Jung

Joint multilingual instruction tuning is a widely adopted approach to improve the multilingual instruction-following ability and downstream performance of large language models (LLMs), but the resulting multilingual capability remains…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-14 Yangfan Ye , Xiaocheng Feng , Xiachong Feng , Lei Huang , Weitao Ma , Qichen Hong , Yunfei Lu , Duyu Tang , Dandan Tu , Bing Qin

Words have been represented in a high-dimensional vector space that encodes their semantic similarities, enabling downstream applications such as retrieving synonyms, antonyms, and relevant contexts. However, despite recent advances in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-25 Genta Indra Winata , Ruochen Zhang , David Ifeoluwa Adelani

This study addresses the gap in the literature concerning the comparative performance of LLMs in interpreting different types of figurative language across multiple languages. By evaluating LLMs using two multilingual datasets on simile and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-11 Paria Khoshtab , Danial Namazifard , Mostafa Masoudi , Ali Akhgary , Samin Mahdizadeh Sani , Yadollah Yaghoobzadeh

The significant increase in software production, driven by the acceleration of development cycles over the past two decades, has led to a steady rise in software vulnerabilities, as shown by statistics published yearly by the CVE program.…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-12-11 Dyna Soumhane Ouchebara , Stéphane Dupont

Language models (LMs) are machine learning models designed to predict linguistic patterns by estimating the probability of word sequences based on large-scale datasets, such as text. LMs have a wide range of applications in natural language…

This research examines how well different methods measure semantic similarity, which is important for various software engineering applications such as code search, API recommendations, automated code reviews, and refactoring tools. While…

Large language models (LLMs) have undergone significant expansion and have been increasingly integrated across various domains. Notably, in the realm of robot task planning, LLMs harness their advanced reasoning and language comprehension…

Random Indexing is a simple implementation of Random Projections with a wide range of applications. It can solve a variety of problems with good accuracy without introducing much complexity. Here we use it for identifying the language of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2015-03-02 Aditya Joshi , Johan Halseth , Pentti Kanerva

Vector representations and vector space modeling (VSM) play a central role in modern machine learning. We propose a novel approach to `vector similarity searching' over dense semantic representations of words and documents that can be…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2017-06-06 Jan Rygl , Jan Pomikálek , Radim Řehůřek , Michal Růžička , Vít Novotný , Petr Sojka

Investigating linguistic relationships on a global scale requires analyzing diverse features such as syntax, phonology and prosody, which evolve at varying rates influenced by internal diversification, language contact, and sociolinguistic…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-11 Tuukka Törö , Antti Suni , Juraj Šimko

Clustering short text is a difficult problem, due to the low word co-occurrence between short text documents. This work shows that large language models (LLMs) can overcome the limitations of traditional clustering approaches by generating…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-08 Justin K. Miller , Tristram J. Alexander

Despite their remarkable ability to capture linguistic nuances across diverse languages, questions persist regarding the degree of alignment between languages in multilingual embeddings. Drawing inspiration from research on high-dimensional…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-24 Basel Mousi , Nadir Durrani , Fahim Dalvi , Majd Hawasly , Ahmed Abdelali

Most existing word embedding methods can be categorized into Neural Embedding Models and Matrix Factorization (MF)-based methods. However some models are opaque to probabilistic interpretation, and MF-based methods, typically solved using…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2015-08-18 Shaohua Li , Jun Zhu , Chunyan Miao

Traceability plays a vital role in facilitating various software development activities by establishing the traces between different types of artifacts (e.g., issues and commits in software repositories). Among the explorations for…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-10-01 Kexin Sun , Yiding Ren , Hongyu Kuang , Hui Gao , Xiaoxing Ma , Guoping Rong , Dong Shao , He Zhang