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A factorization $f_1, \ldots, f_m$ of a string $w$ of length $n$ is called a repetition factorization of $w$ if $f_i$ is a repetition, i.e., $f_i$ is a form of $x^kx'$, where $x$ is a non-empty string, $x'$ is a (possibly-empty) proper…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2024-08-09 Yuki Yonemoto , Shunsuke Inenaga

In this paper, we introduce a novel quantum algorithm for the factorization of composite odd numbers. This work makes two significant contributions. First, we present a new improvement to the classical Fermat method, fourfold reducing the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-08-15 Julien Mellaerts

We consider the problem of sorting $n$ items, given the outcomes of $m$ pre-existing comparisons. We present a simple and natural deterministic algorithm that runs in $O(m + \log T)$ time and does $O(\log T)$ comparisons, where $T$ is the…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2026-05-06 Bernhard Haeupler , Richard Hladík , John Iacono , Vaclav Rozhon , Robert Tarjan , Jakub Tětek

In this note, we provide details of the $k$-dimensional Weisfeiler-Leman Algorithm and its analysis from Immerman-Lander (1990). In particular, we present an optimized version of the algorithm that runs in time $O(n^{k+1}\log n)$, where $k$…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2019-07-24 Neil Immerman , Rik Sengupta

We consider the Partition problem and propose a deterministic FPTAS (Fully Polynomial-Time Approximation Scheme) that runs in $\widetilde{O}(n + 1/\varepsilon)$-time. This is the best possible (up to a polylogarithmic factor) assuming the…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2025-01-23 Lin Chen , Jiayi Lian , Yuchen Mao , Guochuan Zhang

We give algorithms to factorize large integers in the duality computer. We provide three duality algorithms for factorization based on a naive factorization method, the Shor algorithm in quantum computing, and the Fermat's method in…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-06-26 Wan-Ying Wang , Bin Shang , Chuan Wang , Gui Lu Long

We present a new algorithm for computing the Lempel-Ziv Factorization (LZ77) of a given string of length $N$ in linear time, that utilizes only $N\log N + O(1)$ bits of working space, i.e., a single integer array, for constant size integer…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2013-10-08 Keisuke Goto , Hideo Bannai

Many randomized algorithms can be derandomized efficiently using either the method of conditional expectations or probability spaces with low (almost-) independence. A series of papers, beginning with Luby (1993) and continuing with Berger…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2023-10-13 David G. Harris

This note introduces a new class of integer factoring algorithms. Two versions of this method will be described, deterministic and probabilistic. These algorithms are practical, and can factor large classes of balanced integers N = pq, p <…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2007-05-23 N. A. Carella

We prove the first polynomial separation between randomized and deterministic time-space tradeoffs of multi-output functions. In particular, we present a total function that on the input of $n$ elements in $[n]$, outputs $O(n)$ elements,…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2023-06-29 Huacheng Yu , Wei Zhan

This paper presents the concept of digit polynomials, which leads to a deterministic and unconditional integer factorization algorithm with the runtime complexity $\mathcal{O}(N^{1/4+\epsilon})$. Strassen's well known factoring approach is…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2015-12-22 Markus Hittmeir

Lempel-Ziv (LZ77) factorization is a fundamental problem in string processing: Greedily partition a given string $T$ from left to right into blocks (called phrases) so that each phrase is either the leftmost occurrence of a letter or the…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2025-06-19 Dominik Kempa , Tomasz Kociumaka

We introduce a new approach to LZ77 factorization that uses O(n/d) words of working space and O(dn) time for any d >= 1 (for polylogarithmic alphabet sizes). We also describe carefully engineered implementations of alternative approaches to…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2020-12-11 Juha Kärkkäinen , Dominik Kempa , Simon J. Puglisi

In this article we present applications of smooth numbers to the unconditional derandomization of some well-known integer factoring algorithms. We begin with Pollard's $p-1$ algorithm, which finds in random polynomial time the prime…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2009-05-12 Bartosz Zralek

We present a new on-line algorithm for computing the Lempel-Ziv factorization of a string that runs in $O(N\log N)$ time and uses only $O(N\log\sigma)$ bits of working space, where $N$ is the length of the string and $\sigma$ is the size of…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2013-05-28 Jun'ichi Yamamoto , Tomohiro I , Hideo Bannai , Shunsuke Inenaga , Masayuki Takeda

We revisit the problem of integer factorization with number-theoretic oracles, including a well-known problem: can we factor an integer $N$ unconditionally, in deterministic polynomial time, given the value of the Euler totient $$\Phi$(N)$?…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2021-08-16 Fran{\c c}ois Morain , Gu{é}na{ë}l Renault , Benjamin Smith

This note continues the theoretical development of deterministic integer factorization algorithms based on systems of polynomials equations. The main result establishes a new deterministic time complexity bench mark in integer…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2008-09-26 N. A. Carella

Building on techniques recently introduced by the second author, and further developed by the first author, we show that a positive integer $N$ may be rigorously and deterministically factored into primes in at most \[ O\left( \frac{N^{1/5}…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2023-01-31 David Harvey , Markus Hittmeir

We show that given the order of a single element selected uniformly at random from $\mathbb Z_N^*$, we can with very high probability, and for any integer $N$, efficiently find the complete factorization of $N$ in polynomial time. This…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-06-07 Martin Ekerå

We revisit the problem of rigorously and deterministically finding elements of large order in the multiplicative group of integers modulo a natural number $N$. Solving this problem is an essential step in several recent deterministic…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2026-01-19 David Harvey , Markus Hittmeir