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We propose a method for nonparametric density estimation that exhibits robustness to contamination of the training sample. This method achieves robustness by combining a traditional kernel density estimator (KDE) with ideas from classical…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2011-09-07 JooSeuk Kim , Clayton D. Scott

While robust parameter estimation has been well studied in parametric density estimation, there has been little investigation into robust density estimation in the nonparametric setting. We present a robust version of the popular kernel…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2014-11-18 Robert A. Vandermeulen , Clayton D. Scott

The estimation of probability density functions is a fundamental problem in science and engineering. However, common methods such as kernel density estimation (KDE) have been demonstrated to lack robustness, while more complex methods have…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-30 Anna Mészáros , Julian F. Schumann , Javier Alonso-Mora , Arkady Zgonnikov , Jens Kober

We introduce kernel density machines (KDM), an agnostic kernel-based framework for learning the Radon-Nikodym derivative (density) between probability measures under minimal assumptions. KDM applies to general measurable spaces and avoids…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-03-27 Andrea Della Vecchia , Damir Filipovic , Paul Schneider

We introduce a new nonparametric density estimator inspired by Markov Chains, and generalizing the well-known Kernel Density Estimator (KDE). Our estimator presents several benefits with respect to the usual ones and can be used…

Methodology · Statistics 2020-09-15 Andrea De Simone , Alessandro Morandini

Kernel density estimation (KDE) is one of the most widely used nonparametric density estimation methods. The fact that it is a memory-based method, i.e., it uses the entire training data set for prediction, makes it unsuitable for most…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-08-08 Joseph A. Gallego , Juan F. Osorio , Fabio A. González

Robust density estimation refers to the consistent estimation of the density function even when the data is contaminated by outliers. We find that existing forest density estimation at a certain point is inherently resistant to the outliers…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-01-28 Hongwei Wen , Annika Betken , Tao Huang

This paper introduces a novel kernel density estimator (KDE) based on the generalised exponential (GE) distribution, designed specifically for positive continuous data. The proposed GE KDE offers a mathematically tractable form that avoids…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-02-18 Laura M. Craig , Wagner Barreto-Souza

The traditional kernel density estimator of an unknown density is by construction completely nonparametric, in the sense that it has no preferences and will work reasonably well for all shapes. The present paper develops a class of…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-05-05 Nils Lid Hjort , Ingrid Kristine Glad

Kernel density estimation on a finite interval poses an outstanding challenge because of the well-recognized bias at the boundaries of the interval. Motivated by an application in cancer research, we consider a boundary constraint linking…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2020-12-01 Matthew J. Colbrook , Zdravko I. Botev , Karsten Kuritz , Shev MacNamara

We obtain the upper error bounds of robust estimators for mean vector, using the median-of-means (MOM) method. The method is designed to handle data with heavy tails and contamination, with only a finite second moment, which is weaker than…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2026-05-12 Yuxuan Wang , Yiming Chen , Hanchao Wang , Lixin Zhang

Kernel density estimators (KDEs) are ubiquitous tools for nonparametric estimation of probability density functions (PDFs), when data are obtained from unknown data generating processes. The KDEs that are typically available in software…

Computation · Statistics 2018-08-07 Andrew T. Jones , Hien D. Nguyen , Geoffrey J. McLachlan

Mean embeddings provide an extremely flexible and powerful tool in machine learning and statistics to represent probability distributions and define a semi-metric (MMD, maximum mean discrepancy; also called N-distance or energy distance),…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-05-17 Matthieu Lerasle , Zoltan Szabo , Timothee Mathieu , Guillaume Lecue

A nonparametric kernel density estimator for directional-linear data is introduced. The proposal is based on a product kernel accounting for the different nature of both (directional and linear) components of the random vector. Expressions…

Imbalanced response variable distribution is a common occurrence in data science. In fields such as fraud detection, medical diagnostics, system intrusion detection and many others where abnormal behavior is rarely observed the data under…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-11-21 Firuz Kamalov

We introduce new estimators for robust machine learning based on median-of-means (MOM) estimators of the mean of real valued random variables. These estimators achieve optimal rates of convergence under minimal assumptions on the dataset.…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2017-12-04 Guillaume Lecué , Matthieu Lerasle

Modal regression estimates the local modes of the distribution of $Y$ given $X=x$, instead of the mean, as in the usual regression sense, and can hence reveal important structure missed by usual regression methods. We study a simple…

Methodology · Statistics 2016-03-31 Yen-Chi Chen , Christopher R. Genovese , Ryan J. Tibshirani , Larry Wasserman

In recent years, kernel density estimation has been exploited by computer scientists to model machine learning problems. The kernel density estimation based approaches are of interest due to the low time complexity of either O(n) or…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2007-10-16 Yen-Jen Oyang , Darby Tien-Hao Chang , Yu-Yen Ou , Hao-Geng Hung , Chih-Peng Wu , Chien-Yu Chen

When analyzing modern machine learning algorithms, we may need to handle kernel density estimation (KDE) with intricate kernels that are not designed by the user and might even be irregular and asymmetric. To handle this emerging challenge,…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2021-06-09 Hau-Tieng Wu , Nan Wu

This tutorial provides a gentle introduction to kernel density estimation (KDE) and recent advances regarding confidence bands and geometric/topological features. We begin with a discussion of basic properties of KDE: the convergence rate…

Methodology · Statistics 2017-09-13 Yen-Chi Chen
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