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The growing integration of distributed energy resources (DERs) into the power grid necessitates an effective coordination strategy to maximize their benefits. Acting as an aggregator of DERs, a virtual power plant (VPP) facilitates this…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-06-04 Pratik Harsh , Hongjian Sun , Debapriya Das , Goyal Awagan , Jing Jiang

As the penetration of distributed energy resources (DERs) increases, harnessing their flexibility becomes critical for power system operations. Virtual power plants (VPPs) offer a promising solution. However, most existing scheduling tools…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-30 Lorenzo Zapparoli , Paul Fäth , Blazhe Gjorgiev , Giovanni Sansavini

The rapid deployment of distributed energy resources (DERs) is one of the essential efforts to mitigate global climate change. However, a vast number of small-scale DERs are difficult to manage individually, motivating the introduction of…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-26 Tao Tan , Rui Xie , Meng Yang , Yue Chen

The declining provision of inertia by synchronous generators in modern power systems necessitates aggregating distributed energy resources (DERs) into virtual power plants (VPPs) to unlock their potential in delivering inertia and primary…

General Economics · Economics 2026-01-27 Changsen Feng , Zhongliang Huang , Jun Lin , Licheng Wang , Youbing Zhang , Fushuan Wen

As the penetration level of distributed energy resources (DERs) continues to rise, traditional frequency and voltage support from synchronous machines declines. This weakens grid stability and increases the need for fast and adaptive…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-06 Yan Tong , Qin Wang , Sihao Chen , Xue Hu , Zhaoyuan Wu

This paper presents a grid-aware probabilistic approach to compute the aggregated flexibility at the grid connection point (GCP) of active distribution networks (ADNs) to allow the participation of DERs in ancillary services (AS) markets.…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-02-19 Matthieu Jacobs , Mario Paolone

We present a novel grid-forming control design approach for dynamic virtual power plants (DVPP). We consider a group of heterogeneous grid-forming distributed energy resources (DER) which collectively provide desired dynamic ancillary…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-01-01 Verena Häberle , Ali Tayyebi , Xiuqiang He , Eduardo Prieto-Araujo , Florian Dörfler

The growing penetration of renewable energy sources is expected to drive higher demand for power reserve ancillary services (AS). One solution is to increase the supply by integrating distributed energy resources (DERs) into the AS market…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-02-03 Lorenzo Zapparoli , Blazhe Gjorgiev , Giovanni Sansavini

Virtual power plant (VPP) provides a flexible solution to distributed energy resources integration by aggregating renewable generation units, conventional power plants, energy storages, and flexible demands. This paper proposes a novel…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-02-04 Yunfan Zhang , Feng Liu , Zhaojian Wang , Yifan Su , Weisheng Wang , Shuanglei Feng

The rapid integration of inverter-based resources (IBRs) into power systems has identified frequency security challenges due to reduced inertia and increased load volatility. This paper proposes a robust power reserve decision-making…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-06-16 Xiang Zhu , Hua Geng , Hongyang Qing , Guangchun , Ruan , Xiuqiang He

Distributed energy resources are an ideal candidate for the provision of additional flexibility required by power system to support the increasing penetration of renewable energy sources. The integrating large number of resources in the…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2019-06-14 Shariq Riaz , Pierluigi Mancarella

This article explores a flexible and coordinated control design for an aggregation of heterogeneous distributed energy resources (DERs) in a dynamic virtual power plant (DVPP). The control design aims to provide a desired aggregate…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-10-22 Xiuqiang He , Josué Duarte , Verena Häberle , Florian Dörfler

This paper presents a data-driven, distributionally robust chance-constrained optimization method for estimating the real and reactive power controllability of aggregated distributed energy resources (DER). At the DER-level, a…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-10-15 Mingzhi Zhang , Xiangqi Zhu , Ning Lu

A virtual power plant (VPP) facilitates the integration of distributed energy resources (DERs) for the transmission-level operation. A challenge in operating a VPP is to characterize the cost function over its feasible power transfer region…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-12-03 Wei Lin , Changhong Zhao

To ensure frequency stability in future low-inertia power grids, fast ancillary services such as fast frequency reserves (FFR) have been proposed. In this work, the coordination of conventional (slow) frequency containment reserves (FCR)…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-07-08 Joakim Björk , Karl Henrik Johansson , Florian Dörfler

This paper proposes a novel reserve-minimizing and allocation strategy for virtual power plants (VPPs) to deliver optimal frequency support. The proposed strategy enables VPPs, acting as aggregators for inverter-based resources (IBRs), to…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-04-11 Xiang Zhu , Guangchun Ruan , Hua Geng

As the penetration of distributed energy resources increases, harnessing their flexibility becomes critical for power system operations. Virtual power plants (VPPs) offer a promising solution. However, existing VPP market scheduling tools…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-05-05 Lorenzo Zapparoli , Blazhe Gjorgiev , Giovanni Sansavini

This paper addresses the energy dispatch of a virtual power plant comprising renewable generation, energy storage, and thermal units under uncertainty in renewable output, energy prices, and energy demand. The nonlinear dynamics and…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-03-20 Luca Santosuosso , Fei Teng , Sonja Wogrin

With increasing availability of communication and control infrastructure at the distribution systems, it is expected that the distributed energy resources (DERs) will take an active part in future power systems operations. One of the main…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2018-03-20 Soumya Kundu , Karanjit Kalsi , Scott Backhaus

Recently, the concept of dynamic virtual power plants (DVPP) has been proposed to collectively provide desired dynamic ancillary services such as fast frequency and voltage control by a heterogeneous ensemble of distributed energy resources…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-09-06 Moritz Andrejewski , Verena Häberle , Nico Goldschmidt , Florian Dörfler , Horst Schulte
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