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Machine learning models that are developed with invariance to certain types of data transformations have demonstrated superior generalization performance in practice. However, the underlying mechanism that explains why invariance leads to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-24 Sicheng Zhu , Bang An , Furong Huang

We aim to determine some physical properties of distant galaxies (for example, stellar mass, star formation history, or chemical enrichment history) from their observed spectra, using supervised machine learning methods. We know that…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2020-12-02 Viviana Acquaviva , Chistopher Lovell , Emille Ishida

Metric learning has attracted a lot of interest over the last decade, but the generalization ability of such methods has not been thoroughly studied. In this paper, we introduce an adaptation of the notion of algorithmic robustness…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-01-25 Aurélien Bellet , Amaury Habrard

The rapid development of machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence (AI) applications requires the training of large numbers of models. This growing demand highlights the importance of training models without human supervision, while…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-26 Alexey Boldyrev , Fedor Ratnikov , Andrey Shevelev

Deep learning (DL) creates impactful advances following a virtuous recipe: model architecture search, creating large training data sets, and scaling computation. It is widely believed that growing training sets and models should improve…

What makes large language models (LLMs) impressive is also what makes them hard to evaluate: their diversity of uses. To evaluate these models, we must understand the purposes they will be used for. We consider a setting where these…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-04 Keyon Vafa , Ashesh Rambachan , Sendhil Mullainathan

One of the principal scientific challenges in deep learning is explaining generalization, i.e., why the particular way the community now trains networks to achieve small training error also leads to small error on held-out data from the…

This work studies deep metric learning under small to medium scale data as we believe that better generalization could be a contributing factor to the improvement of previous fine-grained image retrieval methods; it should be considered…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-12-11 Nam Vo , James Hays

Despite their outstanding performance, large language models (LLMs) suffer notorious flaws related to their preference for simple, surface-level textual relations over full semantic complexity of the problem. This proposal investigates a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-06-20 Michal Štefánik

Learning with limited data is one of the biggest problems of machine learning. Current approaches to this issue consist in learning general representations from huge amounts of data before fine-tuning the model on a small dataset of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-22 Grégoire Mialon

Machine learning models are often susceptible to adversarial perturbations of their inputs. Even small perturbations can cause state-of-the-art classifiers with high "standard" accuracy to produce an incorrect prediction with high…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-05-03 Ludwig Schmidt , Shibani Santurkar , Dimitris Tsipras , Kunal Talwar , Aleksander Mądry

Over-parameterized models can perfectly learn various types of data distributions, however, generalization error is usually lower for real data in comparison to artificial data. This suggests that the properties of data distributions have…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-07-28 Martin Briesch , Dominik Sobania , Franz Rothlauf

Predictive models that generalize well under distributional shift are often desirable and sometimes crucial to building robust and reliable machine learning applications. We focus on distributional shift that arises in causal inference from…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-02-27 Fredrik D. Johansson , Nathan Kallus , Uri Shalit , David Sontag

As deep neural networks are highly expressive, it is important to find solutions with small generalization gap (the difference between the performance on the training data and unseen data). Focusing on the stochastic nature of training, we…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-31 Rie Johnson , Tong Zhang

We investigate how well large language models (LLMs) generalize across different task difficulties, a key question for effective data curation and evaluation. Existing research is mixed regarding whether training on easier or harder data…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-27 Yeganeh Kordi , Nihal V. Nayak , Max Zuo , Ilana Nguyen , Stephen H. Bach

Since the celebrated works of Russo and Zou (2016,2019) and Xu and Raginsky (2017), it has been well known that the generalization error of supervised learning algorithms can be bounded in terms of the mutual information between their input…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-07-20 Gábor Lugosi , Gergely Neu

This research delves deeply into Meta Reinforcement Learning (Meta RL) through a exploration focusing on defining generalization limits and ensuring convergence. By employing a approach this article introduces an innovative theoretical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-24 Cangqing Wang , Mingxiu Sui , Dan Sun , Zecheng Zhang , Yan Zhou

From the sampling of data to the initialisation of parameters, randomness is ubiquitous in modern Machine Learning practice. Understanding the statistical fluctuations engendered by the different sources of randomness in prediction is…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-10-03 Bruno Loureiro , Cédric Gerbelot , Maria Refinetti , Gabriele Sicuro , Florent Krzakala

Deep learning has transformed computer vision, natural language processing, and speech recognition\cite{badrinarayanan2017segnet, dong2016image, ren2017faster, ji20133d}. However, two critical questions remain obscure: (1) why do deep…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-10-03 Jingwei Zhang , Tongliang Liu , Dacheng Tao

In this article, we study rates of convergence of the generalization error of multi-class margin classifiers. In particular, we develop an upper bound theory quantifying the generalization error of various large margin classifiers. The…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2011-11-10 Xiaotong Shen , Lifeng Wang