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Scoring rules are an established way of comparing predictive performances across model classes. In the context of survival analysis, they require adaptation in order to accommodate censoring. This work investigates using scoring rules for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-14 Philipp Kopper , David Rügamer , Raphael Sonabend , Bernd Bischl , Andreas Bender

The abundance of modern health data provides many opportunities for the use of machine learning techniques to build better statistical models to improve clinical decision making. Predicting time-to-event distributions, also known as…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-12-15 Zidi Xiu , Chenyang Tao , Benjamin A. Goldstein , Ricardo Henao

Survival analysis is a critical tool for the modelling of time-to-event data, such as life expectancy after a cancer diagnosis or optimal maintenance scheduling for complex machinery. However, current neural network models provide an…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-12-06 Fabio Luis de Mello , J Mark Wilkinson , Visakan Kadirkamanathan

Synthetic data is becoming an increasingly promising technology, and successful applications can improve privacy, fairness, and data democratization. While there are many methods for generating synthetic tabular data, the task remains…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-27 Alexander Norcliffe , Bogdan Cebere , Fergus Imrie , Pietro Lio , Mihaela van der Schaar

Many applications involve reasoning about time durations before a critical event happens--also called time-to-event outcomes. When will a customer cancel a subscription, a coma patient wake up, or a convicted criminal reoffend?…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-10-03 George H. Chen

Survival analysis provides a powerful statistical framework for modeling time-to-event outcomes in the presence of censoring. However, selecting an appropriate estimator from the many specialized survival approaches often requires…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Shi-ang Qi , Vahid Balazadeh , Michael Cooper , Russell Greiner , Rahul G. Krishnan

Estimating risks or survival probabilities conditional on individual characteristics based on censored time-to-event data is a commonly faced task. This may be for the purpose of developing a prediction model or may be part of a wider…

In various data situations joint models are an efficient tool to analyze relationships between time dependent covariates and event times or to correct for event-dependent dropout occurring in regression analysis. Joint modeling connects a…

Methodology · Statistics 2018-10-25 Colin Griesbach , Andreas Mayr , Elisabeth Waldmann

The influx of deep learning (DL) techniques into the field of survival analysis in recent years has led to substantial methodological progress; for instance, learning from unstructured or high-dimensional data such as images, text or omics…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-02-23 Simon Wiegrebe , Philipp Kopper , Raphael Sonabend , Bernd Bischl , Andreas Bender

Conventional survival analysis approaches estimate risk scores or individualized time-to-event distributions conditioned on covariates. In practice, there is often great population-level phenotypic heterogeneity, resulting from (unknown)…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-03-03 Paidamoyo Chapfuwa , Chunyuan Li , Nikhil Mehta , Lawrence Carin , Ricardo Henao

Most existing time-to-event methods focus on either single-event or competing-risks settings, leaving multi-event scenarios relatively underexplored. In many healthcare applications, for example, a patient may experience multiple clinical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-20 Christian Marius Lillelund , Ali Hossein Gharari Foomani , Weijie Sun , Shi-ang Qi , Russell Greiner

While tabular foundation models have achieved remarkable success in classification and regression, adapting them to model time-to-event outcomes for survival analysis is non-trivial due to right-censoring, where data observations may end…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Da In Kim , Wei Siang Lai , Kelly W. Zhang

Accurate predictions of when a component will fail are crucial when planning maintenance, and by modeling the distribution of these failure times, survival models have shown to be particularly useful in this context. The presented…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-28 Olov Holmer , Mattias Krysander , Erik Frisk

Targeted maximum likelihood estimation is a general methodology combining flexible ensemble learning and semiparametric efficiency theory in a two-step procedure for estimation of causal parameters. Proposed targeted maximum likelihood…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-06-22 Helene Charlotte Wiese Rytgaard , Frank Eriksson , Mark van der Laan

In survival analysis, estimating the conditional survival function given predictors is often of interest. There is a growing trend in the development of deep learning methods for analyzing censored time-to-event data, especially when…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-03-13 Sehwan Kim , Rui Wang , Wenbin Lu

Survival analysis is a fundamental tool for modeling time-to-event data in healthcare, engineering, and finance, where censored observations pose significant challenges. While traditional methods like the Beran estimator offer nonparametric…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-13 Andrei V. Konstantinov , Vlada A. Efremenko , Lev V. Utkin

Objective: Survival analysis is central to medical prediction, yet large language models (LLMs) are rarely used as end-to-end survival models because censoring prevents straightforward supervised fine-tuning. Here we present LLMSurvival, a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Yishu Wei , Hexin Dong , Yi Lin , Jiahe Qian , Yi Liu , Yifan Peng

Time-to-event data is widespread across the life sciences and engineering, but it is typically encountered together with censoring, which complicates the application of standard machine learning methods. Deep Cox models have emerged as a…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-05-19 Anchit Jain , Kevin Zhang , Stephen Bates

This article analyzes the problem of estimating the time until an event occurs, also known as survival modeling. We observe through substantial experiments on large real-world datasets and use-cases that populations are largely…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-05-13 David Hubbard , Benoit Rostykus , Yves Raimond , Tony Jebara

Survival analysis is a statistical technique used to estimate the time until an event occurs. Although it is applied across a wide range of fields, adjusting for reporting delays under practical constraints remains a significant challenge…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-10-27 Yuta Shikuri , Hironori Fujisawa