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Deep Learning has emerged as one of the most significant innovations in machine learning. However, a notable limitation of this field lies in the ``black box" decision-making processes, which have led to skepticism within groups like…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-06 Shi Li

This paper reviews recent studies in understanding neural-network representations and learning neural networks with interpretable/disentangled middle-layer representations. Although deep neural networks have exhibited superior performance…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-02-08 Quanshi Zhang , Song-Chun Zhu

Deep learning has become increasingly popular in both supervised and unsupervised machine learning thanks to its outstanding empirical performance. However, because of their intrinsic complexity, most deep learning methods are largely…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-09-07 Yang Young Lu , Yingying Fan , Jinchi Lv , William Stafford Noble

The deep neural networks (DNNs) have achieved great success in learning complex patterns with strong predictive power, but they are often thought of as "black box" models without a sufficient level of transparency and interpretability. It…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-11-10 Agus Sudjianto , William Knauth , Rahul Singh , Zebin Yang , Aijun Zhang

Deep learning algorithms are growing in popularity in the field of exoplanetary science due to their ability to model highly non-linear relations and solve interesting problems in a data-driven manner. Several works have attempted to…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2021-07-26 Kai Hou Yip , Quentin Changeat , Nikolaos Nikolaou , Mario Morvan , Billy Edwards , Ingo P. Waldmann , Giovanna Tinetti

Artificial Intelligence has emerged as a useful aid in numerous clinical applications for diagnosis and treatment decisions. Deep neural networks have shown same or better performance than clinicians in many tasks owing to the rapid…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-11-05 Zohaib Salahuddin , Henry C Woodruff , Avishek Chatterjee , Philippe Lambin

Deep learning continues to play as a powerful state-of-art technique that has achieved extraordinary accuracy levels in various domains of regression and classification tasks, including images, video, signal, and natural language data. The…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2022-06-03 Anna Zou , Zhiyuan Li

Deep neural networks (DNNs) have become a proven and indispensable machine learning tool. As a black-box model, it remains difficult to diagnose what aspects of the model's input drive the decisions of a DNN. In countless real-world…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-14 Gabrielle Ras , Ning Xie , Marcel van Gerven , Derek Doran

Despite their great success in recent years, deep neural networks (DNN) are mainly black boxes where the results obtained by running through the network are difficult to understand and interpret. Compared to e.g. decision trees or bayesian…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-07-02 Jan Niclas Reimann , Andreas Schwung

This manuscript proposes a novel methodology for developing an interpretable prediction model for irregular Electrocardiogram (ECG) classification, using features extracted by a 1-D Deconvolutional Neural Network (1-D DNN). Given the…

Applications · Statistics 2024-10-17 Giacomo Lancia , Cristian Spitoni

Along with the great success of deep neural networks, there is also growing concern about their black-box nature. The interpretability issue affects people's trust on deep learning systems. It is also related to many ethical problems, e.g.,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-01 Yu Zhang , Peter Tiňo , Aleš Leonardis , Ke Tang

Deep neural networks have been well-known for their superb handling of various machine learning and artificial intelligence tasks. However, due to their over-parameterized black-box nature, it is often difficult to understand the prediction…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-07-18 Xuhong Li , Haoyi Xiong , Xingjian Li , Xuanyu Wu , Xiao Zhang , Ji Liu , Jiang Bian , Dejing Dou

The increasing availability of large collections of electronic health record (EHR) data and unprecedented technical advances in deep learning (DL) have sparked a surge of research interest in developing DL based clinical decision support…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-07 Di Jin , Elena Sergeeva , Wei-Hung Weng , Geeticka Chauhan , Peter Szolovits

Deep neural networks (DNNs) are widely used in various application domains such as image processing, speech recognition, and natural language processing. However, testing DNN models may be challenging due to the complexity and size of their…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-04 Zohreh Aghababaeyan , Manel Abdellatif , Mahboubeh Dadkhah , Lionel Briand

The success of recent deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs) depends on learning hidden representations that can summarize the important factors of variation behind the data. However, CNNs often criticized as being black boxes that lack…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-06-27 Bolei Zhou , David Bau , Aude Oliva , Antonio Torralba

Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) are widely used for decision making in a myriad of critical applications, ranging from medical to societal and even judicial. Given the importance of these decisions, it is crucial for us to be able to interpret…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-11-28 Teddy Koker , Fatemehsadat Mireshghallah , Tom Titcombe , Georgios Kaissis

While deep learning has achieved great success in many fields, one common criticism about deep learning is its lack of interpretability. In most cases, the hidden units in a deep neural network do not have a clear semantic meaning or…

Genomics · Quantitative Biology 2019-06-04 Tianle Ma , Aidong Zhang

Being able to interpret, or explain, the predictions made by a machine learning model is of fundamental importance. This is especially true when there is interest in deploying data-driven models to make high-stakes decisions, e.g. in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-10-01 An-phi Nguyen , María Rodríguez Martínez

Background: In cognitive neuroscience the potential of Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) for solving complex classification tasks is yet to be fully exploited. The most limiting factor is that DNNs as notorious 'black boxes' do not provide…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2016-04-28 Irene Sturm , Sebastian Bach , Wojciech Samek , Klaus-Robert Müller

Deep neural networks (DNNs) have achieved impressive predictive performance due to their ability to learn complex, non-linear relationships between variables. However, the inability to effectively visualize these relationships has led to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-01-17 Chandan Singh , W. James Murdoch , Bin Yu