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In this work we introduce methods to reduce the computational and memory costs of training deep neural networks. Our approach consists in replacing exact vector-jacobian products by randomized, unbiased approximations thereof during…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Killian Bakong , Laurent Massoulié , Edouard Oyallon , Kevin Scaman

Deep neural networks are known to suffer from exploding or vanishing gradients as depth increases, a phenomenon closely tied to the spectral behavior of the input-output Jacobian. Prior work has identified critical initialization schemes…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Benjamin Dadoun , Soufiane Hayou , Hanan Salam , Mohamed El Amine Seddik , Pierre Youssef

In this paper, training a neural network is identified, exactly, as a search through Hamilton--Jacobi initial-value problems: each gradient step selects the initial data of a viscous Hamilton--Jacobi equation whose Hopf--Cole propagator…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Jose Marie Antonio Miñoza , Erika Fille T. Legara , Christopher P. Monterola

We present a novel deep learning approach to approximate the solution of large, sparse, symmetric, positive-definite linear systems of equations. These systems arise from many problems in applied science, e.g., in numerical methods for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-04 Ayano Kaneda , Osman Akar , Jingyu Chen , Victoria Kala , David Hyde , Joseph Teran

We present two analytical formulae for estimating the sensitivity -- namely, the gradient or Jacobian -- at given realizations of an arbitrary-dimensional random vector with respect to its distributional parameters. The first formula…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-08-14 Pi-Yueh Chuang , Ahmed Attia , Emil Constantinescu

Deep neural networks are highly expressive machine learning models with the ability to interpolate arbitrary datasets. Deep nets are typically optimized via first-order methods and the optimization process crucially depends on the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-11-12 Talha Cihad Gulcu

Parameter-specific adaptive learning rate methods are computationally efficient ways to reduce the ill-conditioning problems encountered when training large deep networks. Following recent work that strongly suggests that most of the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2015-09-01 Yann N. Dauphin , Harm de Vries , Yoshua Bengio

The inductive biases of trained neural networks are difficult to understand and, consequently, to adapt to new settings. We study the inductive biases of linearizations of neural networks, which we show to be surprisingly good summaries of…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-04-29 Wesley J. Maddox , Shuai Tang , Pablo Garcia Moreno , Andrew Gordon Wilson , Andreas Damianou

The recent theoretical analysis of deep neural networks in their infinite-width limits has deepened our understanding of initialisation, feature learning, and training of those networks, and brought new practical techniques for finding…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-23 Taeyoung Kim , Hongseok Yang

Recent work has shown that tight concentration of the entire spectrum of singular values of a deep network's input-output Jacobian around one at initialization can speed up learning by orders of magnitude. Therefore, to guide important…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-02-28 Jeffrey Pennington , Samuel S. Schoenholz , Surya Ganguli

A well-conditioned Jacobian spectrum has a vital role in preventing exploding or vanishing gradients and speeding up learning of deep neural networks. Free probability theory helps us to understand and handle the Jacobian spectrum. We…

Probability · Mathematics 2020-02-13 Tomohiro Hayase

Deep neural networks are notorious for defying theoretical treatment. However, when the number of parameters in each layer tends to infinity, the network function is a Gaussian process (GP) and quantitatively predictive description is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-09 Darshil Doshi , Tianyu He , Andrey Gromov

Predict and optimize is an increasingly popular decision-making paradigm that employs machine learning to predict unknown parameters of optimization problems. Instead of minimizing the prediction error of the parameters, it trains…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-05 Grigorii Veviurko , Wendelin Böhmer , Mathijs de Weerdt

Although deep learning has shown its powerful performance in many applications, the mathematical principles behind neural networks are still mysterious. In this paper, we consider the problem of learning a one-hidden-layer neural network…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-07-17 Shuhao Xia , Yuanming Shi

Recent progress on deep learning relies heavily on the quality and efficiency of training algorithms. In this paper, we develop a fast training method motivated by the nonlinear Conjugate Gradient (CG) framework. We propose the Conjugate…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-07-28 Zhiyong Hao , Yixuan Jiang , Huihua Yu , Hsiao-Dong Chiang

Gradient descent during the learning process of a neural network can be subject to many instabilities. The spectral density of the Jacobian is a key component for analyzing stability. Following the works of Pennington et al., such Jacobians…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-04-26 Reda Chhaibi , Tariq Daouda , Ezechiel Kahn

Adversarial examples are crafted with imperceptible perturbations with the intent to fool neural networks. Against such attacks, adversarial training and its variants stand as the strongest defense to date. Previous studies have pointed out…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-01-30 Alvin Chan , Yi Tay , Yew Soon Ong , Jie Fu

Regularizing the gradient norm of the output of a neural network with respect to its inputs is a powerful technique, rediscovered several times. This paper presents evidence that gradient regularization can consistently improve…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-05-28 Dániel Varga , Adrián Csiszárik , Zsolt Zombori

Optimizing deep neural networks is largely thought to be an empirical process, requiring manual tuning of several hyper-parameters, such as learning rate, weight decay, and dropout rate. Arguably, the learning rate is the most important of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-08-04 Rahul Yedida , Snehanshu Saha , Tejas Prashanth

In large language model (LLM) adaptation, balancing multiple optimization objectives such as improving factuality (heat) and increasing confidence (via low entropy) poses a fundamental challenge, especially when prompt parameters (e.g.,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-19 Yao Wu