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In Natural Language Generation (NLG) tasks, for any input, multiple communicative goals are plausible, and any goal can be put into words, or produced, in multiple ways. We characterise the extent to which human production varies lexically,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-23 Mario Giulianelli , Joris Baan , Wilker Aziz , Raquel Fernández , Barbara Plank

Human evaluations are typically considered the gold standard in natural language generation, but as models' fluency improves, how well can evaluators detect and judge machine-generated text? We run a study assessing non-experts' ability to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-07-08 Elizabeth Clark , Tal August , Sofia Serrano , Nikita Haduong , Suchin Gururangan , Noah A. Smith

The automated categorization (or classification) of texts into predefined categories has witnessed a booming interest in the last ten years, due to the increased availability of documents in digital form and the ensuing need to organize…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2021-09-21 Fabrizio Sebastiani

Many recent advances in natural language generation have been fueled by training large language models on internet-scale data. However, this paradigm can lead to models that generate toxic, inaccurate, and unhelpful content, and automatic…

With the rapid development of deep learning technologies, the field of machine translation has witnessed significant progress, especially with the advent of large language models (LLMs) that have greatly propelled the advancement of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-22 Jiaxin GUO , Xiaoyu Chen , Zhiqiang Rao , Jinlong Yang , Zongyao Li , Hengchao Shang , Daimeng Wei , Hao Yang

In recent years, large neural networks for natural language generation (NLG) have made leaps and bounds in their ability to generate fluent text. However, the tasks of evaluating quality differences between NLG systems and understanding how…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-08 Liam Dugan , Daphne Ippolito , Arun Kirubarajan , Chris Callison-Burch

The state-of-the-art language model-based automatic metrics, e.g. BARTScore, benefiting from large-scale contextualized pre-training, have been successfully used in a wide range of natural language generation (NLG) tasks, including machine…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-12-21 Qingyu Lu , Liang Ding , Liping Xie , Kanjian Zhang , Derek F. Wong , Dacheng Tao

Large Language Models (LLMs) have revolutionized the field of Natural Language Processing (NLP) by automating traditional labor-intensive tasks and consequently accelerated the development of computer-aided applications. As researchers…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-24 Summra Saleem , Muhammad Nabeel Asim , Shaista Zulfiqar , Andreas Dengel

The field of Natural Language Generation (NLG) suffers from a severe shortage of labeled data due to the extremely expensive and time-consuming process involved in manual annotation. A natural approach for coping with this problem is active…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-18 Yotam Perlitz , Ariel Gera , Michal Shmueli-Scheuer , Dafna Sheinwald , Noam Slonim , Liat Ein-Dor

Text Classification is the most essential and fundamental problem in Natural Language Processing. While numerous recent text classification models applied the sequential deep learning technique, graph neural network-based models can…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-08 Kunze Wang , Yihao Ding , Soyeon Caren Han

The increasing adoption of large language models (LLMs) has raised serious concerns about their reliability and trustworthiness. As a result, a growing body of research focuses on evidence-based text generation with LLMs, aiming to link…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-17 Tobias Schreieder , Tim Schopf , Michael Färber

Question generation (QGen) models are often evaluated with standardized NLG metrics that are based on n-gram overlap. In this paper, we measure whether these metric improvements translate to gains in a practical setting, focusing on the use…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-05-05 Philippe Laban , Chien-Sheng Wu , Lidiya Murakhovs'ka , Wenhao Liu , Caiming Xiong

Assessment and evaluation have long been critical challenges in artificial intelligence (AI) and natural language processing (NLP). Traditional methods, usually matching-based or small model-based, often fall short in open-ended and dynamic…

Text-to-Image and Text-to-Video AI generation models are revolutionary technologies that use deep learning and natural language processing (NLP) techniques to create images and videos from textual descriptions. This paper investigates…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-11-14 Aditi Singh

Automatic question generation (AQG) has broad applicability in domains such as tutoring systems, conversational agents, healthcare literacy, and information retrieval. Existing efforts at AQG have been limited to short answer lengths of up…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-04-16 Shlok Kumar Mishra , Pranav Goel , Abhishek Sharma , Abhyuday Jagannatha , David Jacobs , Hal Daumé

In recent years, with the development of deep learning, text generation technology has undergone great changes and provided many kinds of services for human beings, such as restaurant reservation and daily communication. The automatically…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-12-25 Bin Guo , Hao Wang , Yasan Ding , Wei Wu , Shaoyang Hao , Yueqi Sun , Zhiwen Yu

Large Language Models (LLMs) are gearing up to surpass human creativity. The veracity of the statement needs careful consideration. In recent developments, critical questions arise regarding the authenticity of human work and the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-29 Sai Teja Lekkala , Yadagiri Annepaka , Arun Kumar Challa , Samatha Reddy Machireddy , Partha Pakray , Chukhu Chunka

Large Language Models (LLMs) have excelled at language understanding and generating human-level text. However, even with supervised training and human alignment, these LLMs are susceptible to adversarial attacks where malicious users can…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-08 Shachi H Kumar , Saurav Sahay , Sahisnu Mazumder , Eda Okur , Ramesh Manuvinakurike , Nicole Beckage , Hsuan Su , Hung-yi Lee , Lama Nachman

Large language models (LLMs) are solidifying their position in the modern world as effective tools for the automatic generation of text. Their use is quickly becoming commonplace in fields such as education, healthcare, and scientific…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-08 Luka Terčon , Kaja Dobrovoljc

Multi-dimensional evaluation is the dominant paradigm for human evaluation in Natural Language Generation (NLG), i.e., evaluating the generated text from multiple explainable dimensions, such as coherence and fluency. However, automatic…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-14 Ming Zhong , Yang Liu , Da Yin , Yuning Mao , Yizhu Jiao , Pengfei Liu , Chenguang Zhu , Heng Ji , Jiawei Han
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