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In millimeter wave communications, beam training is an effective way to achieve beam alignment. Traditional beam training method allocates training resources equally to each beam in the pre-designed beam training codebook. The performance…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2018-10-25 Zihan Tang , Jun Wang , Jintao Wang , Jian Song

Millimeter-wave massive multiple-input multiple-output systems employ highly directional beamforming to overcome severe path loss, and their performance critically depends on accurate beam alignment. Conventional codebook-based methods…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-02-26 Weijie Jin , Jing Zhang , Hengtao He , Chao-Kai Wen , Xiao Li , Shi Jin

Huge overhead of beam training imposes a significant challenge in millimeter-wave (mmWave) wireless communications. To address this issue, in this paper, we propose a wide beam based training approach to calibrate the narrow beam direction…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-07-21 Ke Ma , Dongxuan He , Hancun Sun , Zhaocheng Wang , Sheng Chen

Beam codebooks are a recent feature to enable high dimension multiple-input multiple-output in 5G. Codebooks comprised of customizable beamforming weights can be used to transmit reference signals and aid the channel state information (CSI)…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-05-17 Ryan M. Dreifuerst , Robert W. Heath

Beam training of 802.11 ad is a technology that helps accelerate the analog weighting vector (AWV) selection process under the constraint of the existing code-book for AWV. However, 5G milli-meter wave (mmWave)…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2022-11-30 Lyutianyang Zhang , Sumit Roy

This work investigates the use of machine learning applied to the beam tracking problem in 5G networks and beyond. The goal is to decrease the overhead associated to MIMO millimeter wave beamforming. In comparison to beam selection (also…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-12-10 Ailton Oliveira , Daniel Suzuki , Sávio Bastos , Ilan Correa , Aldebaro Klautau

Beam management is a strategy to unify beamforming and channel state information (CSI) acquisition with large antenna arrays in 5G. Codebooks serve multiple uses in beam management including beamforming reference signals, CSI reporting, and…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-12-06 Ryan M. Dreifuerst , Robert W. Heath

The mmWave communication system is operating at a regime with high number of antennas and very limited number of RF analog chains. Large number of antennas are used to extend the communication range for recovering the high path loss while…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2015-03-19 Y. Ming Tsang , Ada S. Y. Poon , Sateesh Addepalli

The number of radio frequency (RF) chains can be reduced through beam selection in lens-based millimeter-wave (mmWave) massive MIMO systems, where the equivalent channel between RF chains and multiple users is required at the BS to achieve…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2017-03-02 Wenqian Shen , Linglong Dai , Yang Yang , Yue Li , Zhaocheng Wang

In this paper, multiuser beam training based on hierarchical codebook for millimeter wave massive multi-input multi-output is investigated, where the base station (BS) simultaneously performs beam training with multiple user equipments…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-11-17 Chenhao Qi , Kangjian Chen , Octavia A. Dobre , Geoffrey Ye Li

Obtaining accurate and timely channel state information (CSI) is a fundamental challenge for large antenna systems. Mobile systems like 5G use a beam management framework that joins the initial access, beamforming, CSI acquisition, and data…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-03-06 Ryan M. Dreifuerst , Robert W. Heath

Communicating on millimeter wave (mmWave) bands is ushering in a new epoch of mobile communication which provides the availability of 10 Gbps high data rate transmission. However, mmWave links are easily prone to short transmission range…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-05-31 Yi Wang , Zhiqing Wei , Zhiyong Feng

In future 6G communication systems, large-scale antenna arrays promise enhanced signal strength and spatial resolution, but they also increase the complexity of beam training. Moreover, as antenna counts grow and carrier wavelengths shrink,…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-09-22 Ran Li , Ziyi Xu , Ying-Jun Angela Zhang

Millimeter wave (mmWave) cellular systems will enable gigabit-per-second data rates thanks to the large bandwidth available at mmWave frequencies. To realize sufficient link margin, mmWave systems will employ directional beamforming with…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2015-06-18 Ahmed Alkhateeb , Omar El Ayach , Geert Leus , Robert W. Heath

Envisioned for fifth generation (5G) systems, millimeter-wave (mmWave) communications are under very active research worldwide. Although pencil beams with accurate beamtracking may boost the throughput of mmWave systems, this poses great…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2019-08-29 Rafail Ismayilov , Megumi Kaneko , Takefumi Hiraguri , Kentaro Nishimori

Millimeter wave (mmWave) communication, utilizing beamforming techniques to address the inherent path loss limitation, is considered as one of the key technologies to support ever increasing high throughput and low latency demands of…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Muhammad Baqer Mollah , Honggang Wang , Mohammad Ataul Karim , Hua Fang

Millimeter-wave (mmWave) and terahertz (THz) communications require beamforming to acquire adequate receive signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). To find the optimal beam, current beam management solutions perform beam training over a large number…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-11-30 Shuaifeng Jiang , Ahmed Alkhateeb

Millimeter-wave vehicular networks incur enormous beam-training overhead to enable narrow-beam communications. This paper proposes a learning and adaptation framework in which the dynamics of the communication beams are learned and then…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-27 Muddassar Hussain , Nicolo Michelusi

Beamforming technique realized by the multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) antenna arrays has been widely used to compensate for the severe path loss in the millimeter wave (mmWave) bands. In 5G NR system, the beam sweeping and beam…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-09-07 Yongjun Ahn , Jinhong Kim , Seungnyun Kim , Kyuhong Shim , Jiyoung Kim , Sangtae Kim , Byonghyo Shim

Fast and precise beam alignment is crucial to support high-quality data transmission in millimeter wave (mmWave) communication systems. In this work, we propose a novel deep learning based hierarchical beam alignment method that learns two…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-09-09 Junyi Yang , Weifeng Zhu , Meixia Tao