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In this paper, low-order models of the frequency and voltage response of mixed-generation, low-inertia systems are presented. These models are unique in their ability to efficiently and accurately model frequency and voltage dynamics…
This paper presents a novel closed-form solution for a low-order system frequency response (SFR) model that is accurate for all time periods and an accompanying approximation for representing primary frequency responses at two different…
The increasing penetration of inverter-based renewable generation has significantly reduced system inertia, making modern power grids more vulnerable to rapid frequency deviations following disturbances. While a wide range of flexible…
The electric grid is undergoing a major transition from fossil fuel-based power generation to renewable energy sources, typically interfaced to the grid via power electronics. The future power systems are thus expected to face increased…
Modern power systems present low levels of inertia due to the growing shares of converter-interfaced generation. Consequently, renewable energy sources are increasingly requested to provide frequency support. In addition, due to the inertia…
Stably inverting a dynamic system model is the foundation of numerous servo designs. Existing inversion techniques have provided accurate model approximations that are often highly effective in feedforward controls. However, when the…
Variable-speed pumped-storage (VSPS) has great potential in helping solve the frequency control problem caused by low inertia, owing to its remarkable flexibility beyond conventional fixed-speed one, to make better use of which, a primary…
This paper investigates a new method to model and control variable-frequency power converters in a switching-synchronized sampled-state space for cycle-by-cycle digital control. There are a number of significant benefits in comparison to…
In this paper, five virtual inertia control structures are implemented and tested on a variable speed hydropower (VSHP) plant. The results show that all five can deliver fast power reserves to maintain grid stability after disturbances…
This paper deals with the design of controllers for variable speed hydropower (VSHP) plants with the objective of optimize the plants' performance. The control objectives imply enabling fast responses to frequency deviations while keeping…
The rapid growth of renewable energy sources has significantly reduced system inertia and increased the need for fast frequency response (FFR) in modern power systems. Data centers, as large and flexible electrical consumers, hold great…
Low-order frequency response models for power systems have a decades-long history in optimization and control problems such as unit commitment, economic dispatch, and wide-area control. With a few exceptions, these models are built upon the…
The reduced inertia in power system introduces more operation risks and challenges to frequency regulation. The existing virtual inertia and frequency support control are restricted by the normally non-dispatchable energy resources behind…
The rapid integration of inverter-based resources (IBRs) into power systems has identified frequency security challenges due to reduced inertia and increased load volatility. This paper proposes a robust power reserve decision-making…
Fast-response voltage regulation is essential for data-center Voltage Regulation Modules (VRMs) powering Artificial Intelligence (AI) workloads, which exhibit both small-amplitude fluctuations and abrupt full-load steps. This paper…
The significant electrical distance between wind power collection points and the main grid poses challenges for weak grid-connected wind power systems. A new type of voltage oscillation phenomenon induced by repeated low voltage…
To ensure adequate and economic reserve for primary frequency response in the current and future power system, this paper proposes real-time frequency response reserve (FRR) requirement based on system inertia. This minimum FRR will help…
This paper presents the development of a non-linear model predictive controller (MPC) for controlling variable speed hydropower (VSHP) plants. The MPC coordinates the turbine controller with the virtual synchronous generator (VSG) control…
In this paper virtual synchronous generation (VSG) approach is investigated in application to low- and zero-inertia grids operated by grid-forming (GFM) inverters. The key idea here is to introduce dynamic inertia and damping constants in…
To ensure frequency stability in future low-inertia power grids, fast ancillary services such as fast frequency reserves (FFR) have been proposed. In this work, the coordination of conventional (slow) frequency containment reserves (FCR)…