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Hamiltonian moments in Fourier space - expectation values of the unitary evolution operator under a Hamiltonian at different times - provide a convenient framework to understand quantum systems. They offer insights into the energy…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-02-11 Oriel Kiss , Michele Grossi , Alessandro Roggero

The quantum instrument (QI) formalism is required to model mid-circuit measurements (MCMs) and the dependence of the post-measurement state on the measurement outcome. Correctly modeling QIs is essential for applications using MCMs, such as…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-04 Akel Hashim

We introduce Mitiq, a Python package for error mitigation on noisy quantum computers. Error mitigation techniques can reduce the impact of noise on near-term quantum computers with minimal overhead in quantum resources by relying on a…

Quantum error mitigation has been extensively explored to increase the accuracy of the quantum circuits in noisy-intermediate-scale-quantum (NISQ) computation, where quantum error correction requiring additional quantum resources is not…

The field of quantum computing has experienced a rapid expansion in recent years, with ongoing exploration of new technologies, a decrease in error rates, and a growth in the number of qubits available in quantum processors. However,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-03-16 Samuel Stein , Nathan Wiebe , Yufei Ding , James Ang , Ang Li

State preparation and measurement (SPAM) errors limit the performance of near-term quantum computers and their potential for practical application. SPAM errors are partly correctable after a calibration step that requires, for a complete…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-09-10 Michael R. Geller , Mingyu Sun

Access to quantum computing is steadily increasing each year as the speed advantage of quantum computers solidifies with the growing number of usable qubits. However, the inherent noise encountered when running these systems can lead to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-09-24 Jon Gardeazabal-Gutierrez , Erik B. Terres-Escudero , Pablo García Bringas

Quantum error mitigation techniques mimic noiseless quantum circuits by running several related noisy circuits and combining their outputs in particular ways. How well such techniques work is thought to depend strongly on how noisy the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-12 David Layden , Bradley Mitchell , Karthik Siva

The Eastin-Knill theorem states that no quantum error correcting code can have a universal set of transversal gates. For CSS codes that can implement Clifford gates transversally it suffices to provide one additional non-Clifford gate, such…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-11-15 Christophe Piveteau , David Sutter , Sergey Bravyi , Jay M. Gambetta , Kristan Temme

Error mitigation is essential for extracting reliable results from quantum computations performed on noisy intermediate-scale quantum hardware. Here we introduce Noise-Robust Estimation (NRE), a noise-agnostic framework that suppresses…

The reliable characterization of quantum states is a fundamental task in quantum information science. For this purpose, quantum state tomography provides a standard framework for reconstructing quantum states from measurement data, yet it…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-14 Yixuan Hu , Mengru Ma , Jiangwei Shang

Classical shadows enable us to learn many properties of a quantum state $\rho$ with very few measurements. However, near-term and early fault-tolerant quantum computers will only be able to prepare noisy quantum states $\rho$ and it is thus…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-05-16 Hamza Jnane , Jonathan Steinberg , Zhenyu Cai , H. Chau Nguyen , Bálint Koczor

Noisy quantum annealing experiments on Rydberg atom arrays produce measurement outcomes that deviate from ideal distributions, complicating performance evaluation. To enable a data-driven benchmarking methodology for quantum devices that…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-06 Juyoung Park , Junwoo Jung , Jaewook Ahn

Decoherence severely limits the performance of quantum processors, posing challenges to reliable quantum computation. Probabilistic error cancellation, a quantum error mitigation method, counteracts noise by quasiprobabilistically…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-07-17 Tian-Ren Jin , Kai Xu , Yu-Ran Zhang , Heng Fan

Photon loss is destructive to the performance of quantum photonic devices and therefore suppressing the effects of photon loss is paramount to photonic quantum technologies. We present two schemes to mitigate the effects of photon loss for…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-05-05 Daiqin Su , Robert Israel , Kunal Sharma , Haoyu Qi , Ish Dhand , Kamil Brádler

We develop several algorithms for performing quantum phase estimation based on basic measurements and classical post-processing. We present a pedagogical review of quantum phase estimation and simulate the algorithm to numerically determine…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-07-30 Krysta M. Svore , Matthew B. Hastings , Michael Freedman

Error mitigation will play an important role in practical applications of near-term noisy quantum computers. Current error mitigation methods typically concentrate on correction quality at the expense of frugality (as measured by the number…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-05-08 Piotr Czarnik , Michael McKerns , Andrew T. Sornborger , Lukasz Cincio

We introduce a Bayesian method for the estimation of single qubit errors in quantum devices, and use it to characterize these errors on three 27-qubit superconducting qubit devices. We self-consistently estimate up to seven parameters of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-04-29 Haggai Landa , Dekel Meirom , Naoki Kanazawa , Mattias Fitzpatrick , Christopher J. Wood

Noise remains a fundamental challenge in quantum computing, significantly affecting pulse fidelity and overall circuit performance. This paper introduces an adaptive algorithm for pulse-level quantum error mitigation, designed to enhance…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-01-27 William Aguilar-Calvo , Santiago Núñez-Corrales

Reducing the impact of errors and decoherence in near-term quantum computers, such as noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) devices, is critical for their practical implementation. These factors significantly limit the applicability of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-05-03 Doyeol Ahn , Byeongyong Park