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This innovative practice category paper presents an innovative framework for teaching Reinforcement Learning (RL) at the undergraduate level. Recognizing the challenges posed by the complex theoretical foundations of the subject and the…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Muhammad Ahmed Atif , Mohammad Shahid Shaikh

Reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms have been around for decades and employed to solve various sequential decision-making problems. These algorithms however have faced great challenges when dealing with high-dimensional environments. The…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-04-01 Thanh Thi Nguyen , Ngoc Duy Nguyen , Saeid Nahavandi

In recent years deep reinforcement learning (RL) systems have attained superhuman performance in a number of challenging task domains. However, a major limitation of such applications is their demand for massive amounts of training data. A…

Reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms aim to learn optimal decisions in unknown environments through experience of taking actions and observing the rewards gained. In some cases, the environment is not influenced by the actions of the RL…

Reinforcement learning (RL) is a general framework for adaptive control, which has proven to be efficient in many domains, e.g., board games, video games or autonomous vehicles. In such problems, an agent faces a sequential decision-making…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-16 Olivier Buffet , Olivier Pietquin , Paul Weng

Maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) is the predominant algorithm for training text generation models. This paradigm relies on direct supervision examples, which is not applicable to many emerging applications, such as generating adversarial…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-25 Han Guo , Bowen Tan , Zhengzhong Liu , Eric P. Xing , Zhiting Hu

Reinforcement learning (RL) has demonstrated strong potential in training large language models (LLMs) capable of complex reasoning for real-world problem solving. More recently, RL has been leveraged to create sophisticated LLM-based…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-22 Bowen Jin , Jinsung Yoon , Priyanka Kargupta , Sercan O. Arik , Jiawei Han

To achieve general artificial intelligence, reinforcement learning (RL) agents should learn not only to optimize returns for one specific task but also to constantly build more complex skills and scaffold their knowledge about the world,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-12-07 Khimya Khetarpal , Shagun Sodhani , Sarath Chandar , Doina Precup

Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) is a subfield of machine learning for training autonomous agents that take sequential actions across complex environments. Despite its significant performance in well-known environments, it remains…

While Reinforcement Learning ( RL) has made great strides towards solving increasingly complicated problems, many algorithms are still brittle to even slight environmental changes. Contextual Reinforcement Learning (cRL) provides a…

Besides the recent impressive results on reinforcement learning (RL), safety is still one of the major research challenges in RL. RL is a machine-learning approach to determine near-optimal policies in Markov decision processes (MDPs). In…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-06 Bettina Könighofer , Julian Rudolf , Alexander Palmisano , Martin Tappler , Roderick Bloem

Reinforcement Learning (RL) is essential for evolving Large Language Models (LLMs) into autonomous agents capable of long-horizon planning, yet a practical recipe for scaling RL in complex, multi-turn environments remains elusive. This…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Xixi Wu , Qianguo Sun , Ruiyang Zhang , Chao Song , Junlong Wu , Yiyan Qi , Hong Cheng

We focus on the task of creating a reinforcement learning agent that is inherently explainable -- with the ability to produce immediate local explanations by thinking out loud while performing a task and analyzing entire trajectories…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2022-10-10 Xiangyu Peng , Mark O. Riedl , Prithviraj Ammanabrolu

The past years have seen Large Language Models (LLMs) strive not only as generative models but also as agents solving textual sequential decision-making tasks. When facing complex environments where their zero-shot abilities are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Loris Gaven , Clement Romac , Thomas Carta , Sylvain Lamprier , Olivier Sigaud , Pierre-Yves Oudeyer

Research in deep reinforcement learning (RL) has coalesced around improving performance on benchmarks like the Arcade Learning Environment. However, these benchmarks conspicuously miss important characteristics like abrupt context-dependent…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-09-10 Akshat Agarwal , Ryan Hope , Katia Sycara

Reinforcement Learning has shown success in a number of complex virtual environments. However, many challenges still exist towards solving problems with natural language as a core component. Interactive Fiction Games (or Text Games) are one…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-09-21 Philip Osborne , Heido Nõmm , Andre Freitas

Acquiring complex behaviors is essential for artificially intelligent agents, yet learning these behaviors in high-dimensional settings poses a significant challenge due to the vast search space. Traditional reinforcement learning (RL)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-22 Mert Albaba , Sammy Christen , Thomas Langarek , Christoph Gebhardt , Otmar Hilliges , Michael J. Black

Consistent and reproducible evaluation of Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) is not straightforward. In the Arcade Learning Environment (ALE), small changes in environment parameters such as stochasticity or the maximum allowed play time can…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-11-11 Marin Toromanoff , Emilie Wirbel , Fabien Moutarde

Progress in reinforcement learning (RL) research is often driven by the design of new, challenging environments -- a costly undertaking requiring skills orthogonal to that of a typical machine learning researcher. The complexity of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-10-14 Christopher Bamford , Minqi Jiang , Mikayel Samvelyan , Tim Rocktäschel