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Current multimodal toxicity benchmarks typically use a single binary hatefulness label. This coarse approach conflates two fundamentally different characteristics of expression: tone and content. Drawing on communication science theory, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-25 Nils A. Herrmann , Tobias Eder , Jingyi He , Georg Groh

Automated hate speech detection is an important tool in combating the spread of hate speech, particularly in social media. Numerous methods have been developed for the task, including a recent proliferation of deep-learning based…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-08 Jitendra Singh Malik , Hezhe Qiao , Guansong Pang , Anton van den Hengel

In recent years, Vietnam witnesses the mass development of social network users on different social platforms such as Facebook, Youtube, Instagram, and Tiktok. On social medias, hate speech has become a critical problem for social network…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-07-21 Son T. Luu , Kiet Van Nguyen , Ngan Luu-Thuy Nguyen

With the freedom of communication provided in online social media, hate speech has increasingly generated. This leads to cyber conflicts affecting social life at the individual and national levels. As a result, hateful content…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-09-16 Khouloud Mnassri , Praboda Rajapaksha , Reza Farahbakhsh , Noel Crespi

As pointed out by several scholars, current research on hate speech (HS) recognition is characterized by unsystematic data creation strategies and diverging annotation schemata. Subsequently, supervised-learning models tend to generalize…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-28 Yiping Jin , Leo Wanner , Vishakha Laxman Kadam , Alexander Shvets

In this paper, we present a dataset containing 9,973 tweets related to the MeToo movement that were manually annotated for five different linguistic aspects: relevance, stance, hate speech, sarcasm, and dialogue acts. We present a detailed…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-04-21 Akash Gautam , Puneet Mathur , Rakesh Gosangi , Debanjan Mahata , Ramit Sawhney , Rajiv Ratn Shah

The pervasiveness of abusive content on the internet can lead to severe psychological and physical harm. Significant effort in Natural Language Processing (NLP) research has been devoted to addressing this problem through abusive content…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-07-23 Svetlana Kiritchenko , Isar Nejadgholi , Kathleen C. Fraser

Detecting harmful content on social media, such as Twitter, is made difficult by the fact that the seemingly simple yes/no classification conceals a significant amount of complexity. Unfortunately, while several datasets have been collected…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-14 Saad Almohaimeed , Saleh Almohaimeed , Ashfaq Ali Shafin , Bogdan Carbunar , Ladislau Bölöni

Hate speech has grown significantly on social media, causing serious consequences for victims of all demographics. Despite much attention being paid to characterize and detect discriminatory speech, most work has focused on explicit or…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-14 Mai ElSherief , Caleb Ziems , David Muchlinski , Vaishnavi Anupindi , Jordyn Seybolt , Munmun De Choudhury , Diyi Yang

Fake news provokes many societal problems; therefore, there has been extensive research on fake news detection tasks to counter it. Many fake news datasets were constructed as resources to facilitate this task. Contemporary research focuses…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-04-07 Taichi Murayama , Shohei Hisada , Makoto Uehara , Shoko Wakamiya , Eiji Aramaki

Social media's growing popularity raises concerns around children's online safety. Interactions between minors and adults with predatory intentions is a particularly grave concern. Research into online sexual grooming has often relied on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-09-27 Darren Cook , Miri Zilka , Heidi DeSandre , Susan Giles , Adrian Weller , Simon Maskell

Violent threats remain a significant problem across social media platforms. Useful, high-quality data facilitates research into the understanding and detection of malicious content, including violence. In this paper, we introduce a…

High annotation costs from hiring or crowdsourcing complicate the creation of large, high-quality datasets needed for training reliable text classifiers. Recent research suggests using Large Language Models (LLMs) to automate the annotation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-27 Tomas Horych , Christoph Mandl , Terry Ruas , Andre Greiner-Petter , Bela Gipp , Akiko Aizawa , Timo Spinde

Emotional and mental well-being are vital components of quality of life, and with the rise of smart devices like smartphones, wearables, and artificial intelligence (AI), new opportunities for monitoring emotions in everyday settings have…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-08-06 Pragya Singh , Ankush Gupta , Mohan Kumar , Pushpendra Singh

Abuse on the Internet is an important societal problem of our time. Millions of Internet users face harassment, racism, personal attacks, and other types of abuse across various platforms. The psychological effects of abuse on individuals…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-04-15 Pushkar Mishra , Helen Yannakoudakis , Ekaterina Shutova

Labelled data is the foundation of most natural language processing tasks. However, labelling data is difficult and there often are diverse valid beliefs about what the correct data labels should be. So far, dataset creators have…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-05-02 Paul Röttger , Bertie Vidgen , Dirk Hovy , Janet B. Pierrehumbert

The goal of hate speech detection is to filter negative online content aiming at certain groups of people. Due to the easy accessibility of social media platforms it is crucial to protect everyone which requires building hate speech…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-01-19 Irina Bigoulaeva , Viktor Hangya , Iryna Gurevych , Alexander Fraser

The ability to accurately detect and filter offensive content automatically is important to ensure a rich and diverse digital discourse. Trolling is a type of hurtful or offensive content that is prevalent in social media, but is…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2020-08-04 Hitkul , Karmanya Aggarwal , Pakhi Bamdev , Debanjan Mahata , Rajiv Ratn Shah , Ponnurangam Kumaraguru

Supervised classification algorithms are used to solve a growing number of real-life problems around the globe. Their performance is strictly connected with the quality of labels used in training. Unfortunately, acquiring good-quality…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-08 Daniel Kałuża , Andrzej Janusz , Dominik Ślęzak

In contrast to previous surveys, the present work is not focused on reviewing the datasets used in the network security field. The fact is that many of the available public labeled datasets represent the network behavior just for a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-01-03 Jorge Guerra , Carlos Catania , Eduardo Veas