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While Clifford operations are relatively easy to implement in fault-tolerant quantum computers,continuous rotation gates remain a significant bottleneck in typical quantum algorithms. In this work, we ask the question: "What is the most…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-06 Zhu Sun , Balint Koczor

Quantum computing has the potential to solve problems that are intractable for classical computers, with possible applications in areas such as drug discovery and high-energy physics. However, the practical implementation of quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-14 Remmy Zen , Maximilian Nägele , Florian Marquardt

We study two-qubit circuits over the Clifford+CS gate set, which consists of the Clifford gates together with the controlled-phase gate CS=diag(1,1,1,i). The Clifford+CS gate set is universal for quantum computation and its elements can be…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-06-21 Andrew N. Glaudell , Neil J. Ross , Jacob M. Taylor

As quantum computing resources remain scarce and error rates high, minimizing the resource consumption of quantum circuits is essential for achieving practical quantum advantage. Here we consider the natural problem of, given a circuit $C$,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-27 Adam Husted Kjelstrøm , Andreas Pavlogiannis , Jaco van de Pol

We present a quantum algorithm for multiplying two $n$-bit integers with overall circuit depth and $T$-depth both bounded by $O(\log^{2} n)$, while using $O(n^{2})$ gates and ancillary qubits. Our construction generates partial products via…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-14 Fred Sun , Anton Borissov

We give quantum circuits that simulate an arbitrary two-qubit unitary operator up to global phase. For several quantum gate libraries we prove that gate counts are optimal in worst and average cases. Our lower and upper bounds compare…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-05-29 Vivek V. Shende , Igor L. Markov , Stephen S. Bullock

In fault-tolerant quantum circuit synthesis, T gates supplied via magic states dominate space-time cost, while Clifford gates incur negligible overhead. Conventional flows minimize AND count in an {XOR, AND, NOT} basis as a proxy for T,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-18 Hanyu Wang , Mingfei Yu , Xinrui Wu , Jason Cong

Unitary $T$-designs play an important role in quantum information, with diverse applications in quantum algorithms, benchmarking, tomography, and communication. Until now, the most efficient construction of unitary $T$-designs for $n$-qudit…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-02-18 Chi-Fang Chen , Jordan Docter , Michelle Xu , Adam Bouland , Patrick Hayden

To approximate arbitrary unitary transformations on one or more qubits, one must perform transformations which are outside of the Clifford group. The gate most commonly considered for this purpose is the T = diag(1, exp(i \pi/4)) gate. As T…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-05-04 Niel de Beaudrap , Xiaoning Bian , Quanlong Wang

Our goal in this paper is to construct optimal topological generators for compact unitary Lie groups, extending the work of a letter of Sarnak and arXiv:1704.02106 on golden and super-golden gates to higher dimensions. To do so we consider…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2025-09-12 Rahul Dalal , Shai Evra , Ori Parzanchevski

Many quantum information protocols require the implementation of random unitaries. Because it takes exponential resources to produce Haar-random unitaries drawn from the full $n$-qubit group, one often resorts to $t$-designs. Unitary…

We present an algorithm, along with its implementation that finds T-optimal approximations of single-qubit Z-rotations using quantum circuits consisting of Clifford and T gates. Our algorithm is capable of handling errors in approximation…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-08-30 Vadym Kliuchnikov , Dmitri Maslov , Michele Mosca

Variational quantum algorithms dominate contemporary gate-based quantum enhanced optimisation, eigenvalue estimation and machine learning. Here we establish the quantum computational universality of variational quantum computation by…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-05-25 Jacob Biamonte

In this paper, we present Clifford+T gates based quantum circuit design of integer division having $n$ ancillary qubits. The proposed quantum circuit is based on restoring division algorithm. The proposed quantum circuit of integer division…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-09-06 Himanshu Thapliyal , T. S. S. Varun , Edgard Munoz-Coreas

For universal quantum computation, a major challenge to overcome for practical implementation is the large amount of resources required for fault-tolerant quantum information processing. An important aspect is implementing arbitrary unitary…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-02-17 Gary J. Mooney , Charles D. Hill , Lloyd C. L. Hollenberg

A common requirement of quantum simulations and algorithms is the preparation of complex states through sequences of 2-qubit gates. For a generic quantum state, the number of gates grows exponentially with the number of qubits, becoming…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-07-08 Matan Ben Dov , David Shnaiderov , Adi Makmal , Emanuele G. Dalla Torre

We present an efficient algorithm to reduce the number of non-Clifford gates in quantum circuits and the number of parametrized rotations in parametrized quantum circuits. The method consists in finding rotations that can be merged into a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-07-11 Vivien Vandaele , Simon Perdrix , Christophe Vuillot

In this work we improve the runtime of recent classical algorithms for strong simulation of quantum circuits composed of Clifford and T gates. The improvement is obtained by establishing a new upper bound on the stabilizer rank of $m$…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-12-22 Hammam Qassim , Hakop Pashayan , David Gosset

We propose several methods for optimizing the number of qubits in a quantum circuit while preserving the number of non-Clifford gates. One of our approaches consists in reversing, as much as possible, the gadgetization of Hadamard gates,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-07-16 Vivien Vandaele

Quantum circuits for basic image processing functions such as bilinear interpolation are required to implement image processing algorithms on quantum computers. In this work, we propose quantum circuits for the bilinear interpolation of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-10-31 Edgard Muñoz-Coreas , Himanshu Thapliyal