English
Related papers

Related papers: Counting Down Thunder: Timing Attacks on Privacy i…

200 papers

This paper presents a formal analysis of the Lightning Network as a monetary system structurally diverging from Bitcoin's base-layer settlement model. We demonstrate that under increasing transaction demand, BTC transaction fees rise…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-06-27 Craig Steven Wright

In this work we use formal verification to prove that the Lightning Network (LN), the most prominent scaling technique for Bitcoin, always safeguards the funds of honest users. We provide a custom implementation of (a simplification of) LN,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-03-11 Grzegorz Fabiański , Rafał Stefański , Orfeas Stefanos Thyfronitis Litos

Off-chain transaction channels represent one of the leading techniques to scale the transaction throughput in cryptocurrencies. However, the economic effect of transaction channels on the system has not been explored much until now. We…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-07-15 Simina Brânzei , Erel Segal-Halevi , Aviv Zohar

Bitcoin has emerged as a revolutionary payment system with its decentralized ledger concept; however it has significant problems such as high transaction fees and low throughput. Lightning Network (LN), which was introduced much later,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-07-21 Ahmet Kurt , Kemal Akkaya , Sabri Yilmaz , Suat Mercan , Omer Shlomovits , Enes Erdin

Cryptocurrencies redefined how money can be stored and transferred among users. However, independent of the amount being sent, public blockchain-based cryptocurrencies suffer from high transaction waiting times and fees. These drawbacks…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-02-05 Enes Erdin , Suat Mercan , Kemal Akkaya

Nodes in the Lightning Network synchronise routing information through a gossip protocol that makes use of a staggered broadcast mechanism. In this work, we show that the convergence delay in the network is larger than what would be…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2022-05-26 Niklas Gögge , Elias Rohrer , Florian Tschorsch

We study a random process over graphs inspired by the way payments are executed in the Lightning Network, the main layer-two solution on top of Bitcoin. We first prove almost tight upper and lower bounds on the time it takes for a payment…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Taki E. M. Abedesselam , Fabio Giacomelli , Francesco Pasquale , Michele Salvi

For preserving privacy, blockchains can be equipped with dedicated mechanisms to anonymize participants. However, these mechanism often take only the abstraction layer of blockchains into account whereas observations of the underlying…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2018-07-31 David Mödinger , Henning Kopp , Frank Kargl , Franz J. Hauck

This thesis proposes techniques aiming to make blockchain technologies and smart contract platforms practical by improving their scalability, latency, and privacy. This thesis starts by presenting the design and implementation of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-02-25 Alberto Sonnino

Cryptocurrencies gained lots of attention mainly because of the anonymous way of online payment, which they suggested. Meanwhile, Bitcoin and other major cryptocurrencies have experienced severe deanonymization attacks. To address these…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-04-06 Ardeshir Shojaeenasab , Amir Pasha Motamed , Behnam Bahrak

We revisit the fundamental question of Bitcoin's security against double spending attacks. While previous work has bounded the probability that a transaction is reversed, we show that no such guarantee can be effectively given if the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2016-06-01 Yonatan Sompolinsky , Aviv Zohar

Bitcoin, Ethereum and other blockchain-based cryptocurrencies, as deployed today, cannot scale for wide-spread use. A leading approach for cryptocurrency scaling is a smart contract mechanism called a payment channel which enables two…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2017-12-04 Andrew Miller , Iddo Bentov , Ranjit Kumaresan , Christopher Cordi , Patrick McCorry

Over the past decade, the Bitcoin P2P network protocol has become a reference model for all modern cryptocurrencies. While nodes in this network are known, the connections among them are kept hidden, as it is commonly believed that this…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-07-28 Federico Franzoni , Xavier Salleras , Vanesa Daza

The Bitcoin Lightning Network (BLN), a so-called "second layer" payment protocol, was launched in 2018 to scale up the number of transactions between Bitcoin owners. In this paper, we analyse the structure of the BLN over a period of 18…

Physics and Society · Physics 2020-09-08 Jian-Hong Lin , Kevin Primicerio , Tiziano Squartini , Christian Decker , Claudio J. Tessone

Bitcoin is undoubtedly a great alternative to today's existing digital payment systems. Even though Bitcoin's scalability has been debated for a long time, we see that it is no longer a concern thanks to its layer-2 solution Lightning…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-05-01 Ahmet Kurt , Abdulhadi Sahin , Ricardo Harrilal-Parchment , Kemal Akkaya

Bitcoin blockchain faces the bitcoin scalability problem, for which bitcoin's blocks contain the transactions on the bitcoin network. The on-chain transaction processing capacity of the bitcoin network is limited by the average block…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2018-08-14 Changting Lin , Ning Ma , Xun Wang , Zhenguang Liu , Jianhai Chen , Shouling Ji

Smart Contracts and transactions allow users to implement elaborate constructions on cryptocurrency blockchains like Bitcoin and Ethereum. Many of these constructions, including operational payment channels and atomic swaps, use a building…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-03-26 Itay Tsabary , Matan Yechieli , Alex Manuskin , Ittay Eyal

Payment Channel Networks (PCNs) are a method for improving the scaling and latency of cryptocurrency transactions. For a payment to be made between two peers in a PCN, a feasible low-fee path in the network must be planned. Many PCN path…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2025-01-22 Padraig Corcoran , Rhyd Lewis

The fundamental building blocks of the Bitcoin lightning network are bidirectional payment channels. We describe an extension of payment channels in the Proofgold network which allow the two parties to bet on whether a proposition will be…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2025-09-11 Chad E. Brown , Cezary Kaliszyk , Josef Urban

Recent work has demonstrated significant anonymity vulnerabilities in Bitcoin's networking stack. In particular, the current mechanism for broadcasting Bitcoin transactions allows third-party observers to link transactions to the IP…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2018-05-29 Giulia Fanti , Shaileshh Bojja Venkatakrishnan , Surya Bakshi , Bradley Denby , Shruti Bhargava , Andrew Miller , Pramod Viswanath