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In order to deploy autonomous agents to domains such as autonomous driving, infrastructure management, health care, and finance, they must be able to adapt safely to unseen situations. The current approach in constructing such agents is to…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2020-07-01 Cem C. Tutum , Risto Miikkulainen

The robustness of any machine learning solution is fundamentally bound by the data it was trained on. One way to generalize beyond the original training is through human-informed augmentation of the original dataset; however, it is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-09-08 Nicholas A. Ketz , Praveen K. Pilly

Intelligent agents such as robots are increasingly deployed in real-world, safety-critical settings. It is vital that these agents are able to explain the reasoning behind their decisions to human counterparts, however, their behavior is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-09-20 Xijia Zhang , Yue Guo , Simon Stepputtis , Katia Sycara , Joseph Campbell

In this work we create agents that can perform well beyond a single, individual task, that exhibit much wider generalisation of behaviour to a massive, rich space of challenges. We define a universe of tasks within an environment domain and…

Data driven approaches for decision making applied to automated driving require appropriate generalization strategies, to ensure applicability to the world's variability. Current approaches either do not generalize well beyond the training…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-03-11 Karl Kurzer , Philip Schörner , Alexander Albers , Hauke Thomsen , Karam Daaboul , J. Marius Zöllner

Robot learning approaches such as behavior cloning and reinforcement learning have shown great promise in synthesizing robot skills from human demonstrations in specific environments. However, these approaches often require task-specific…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-04-09 Arthur Bucker , Pablo Ortega-Kral , Jonathan Francis , Jean Oh

Intelligent agents such as robots are increasingly deployed in real-world, safety-critical settings. It is vital that these agents are able to explain the reasoning behind their decisions to human counterparts; however, their behavior is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-01 Xijia Zhang , Yue Guo , Simon Stepputtis , Katia Sycara , Joseph Campbell

In continual learning (CL), an AI agent (e.g., autonomous vehicles or robotics) learns from non-stationary data streams under dynamic environments. For the practical deployment of such applications, it is important to guarantee robustness…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-11 Minsu Kim , Walid Saad

Are world models a necessary ingredient for flexible, goal-directed behaviour, or is model-free learning sufficient? We provide a formal answer to this question, showing that any agent capable of generalizing to multi-step goal-directed…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Jonathan Richens , David Abel , Alexis Bellot , Tom Everitt

As more and more AI agents are used in practice, it is time to think about how to make these agents fully autonomous so that they can (1) learn by themselves continually in a self-motivated and self-initiated manner rather than being…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-04-21 Bing Liu , Sahisnu Mazumder , Eric Robertson , Scott Grigsby

Reinforcement learning (RL) has produced spectacular results in games, robotics, and continuous control. Yet, despite these successes, learned policies often fail to generalize beyond their training distribution, limiting real-world impact.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-06 André Biedenkapp

Computational agents support humans in many areas of life and are therefore found in heterogeneous contexts. This means they operate in rapidly changing environments and can be confronted with huge state and action spaces. In order to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-08-31 Nicole Merkle , Ralf Mikut

While reinforcement learning has achieved remarkable successes in several domains, its real-world application is limited due to many methods failing to generalise to unfamiliar conditions. In this work, we consider the problem of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-10-26 Michael Beukman , Devon Jarvis , Richard Klein , Steven James , Benjamin Rosman

Complex environments and tasks pose a difficult problem for holistic end-to-end learning approaches. Decomposition of an environment into interacting controllable and non-controllable objects allows supervised learning for non-controllable…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-01-30 Andrew Melnik , Sascha Fleer , Malte Schilling , Helge Ritter

Agentic systems have transformed how Large Language Models (LLMs) can be leveraged to create autonomous systems with goal-directed behaviors, consisting of multi-step planning and the ability to interact with different environments. These…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Judy Zhu , Dhari Gandhi , Himanshu Joshi , Ahmad Rezaie Mianroodi , Sedef Akinli Kocak , Dhanesh Ramachandran

Training agents to act competently in complex 3D environments from high-dimensional visual information is challenging. Reinforcement learning is conventionally used to train such agents, but requires a carefully designed reward function,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Adam Jelley , Yuhan Cao , Dave Bignell , Amos Storkey , Sam Devlin , Tabish Rashid

Large Language Model (LLM) agents have demonstrated impressive capabilities for social interaction and are increasingly being deployed in situations where they might engage with both human and artificial agents. These interactions represent…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-04 Chandler Smith , Marwa Abdulhai , Manfred Diaz , Marko Tesic , Rakshit S. Trivedi , Alexander Sasha Vezhnevets , Lewis Hammond , Jesse Clifton , Minsuk Chang , Edgar A. Duéñez-Guzmán , John P. Agapiou , Jayd Matyas , Danny Karmon , Akash Kundu , Aliaksei Korshuk , Ananya Ananya , Arrasy Rahman , Avinaash Anand Kulandaivel , Bain McHale , Beining Zhang , Buyantuev Alexander , Carlos Saith Rodriguez Rojas , Caroline Wang , Chetan Talele , Chenao Liu , Chichen Lin , Diana Riazi , Di Yang Shi , Emanuel Tewolde , Elizaveta Tennant , Fangwei Zhong , Fuyang Cui , Gang Zhao , Gema Parreño Piqueras , Hyeonggeun Yun , Ilya Makarov , Jiaxun Cui , Jebish Purbey , Jim Dilkes , Jord Nguyen , Lingyun Xiao , Luis Felipe Giraldo , Manuela Chacon-Chamorro , Manuel Sebastian Rios Beltran , Marta Emili García Segura , Mengmeng Wang , Mogtaba Alim , Nicanor Quijano , Nico Schiavone , Olivia Macmillan-Scott , Oswaldo Peña , Peter Stone , Ram Mohan Rao Kadiyala , Rolando Fernandez , Ruben Manrique , Sunjia Lu , Sheila A. McIlraith , Shamika Dhuri , Shuqing Shi , Siddhant Gupta , Sneheel Sarangi , Sriram Ganapathi Subramanian , Taehun Cha , Toryn Q. Klassen , Wenming Tu , Weijian Fan , Wu Ruiyang , Xue Feng , Yali Du , Yang Liu , Yiding Wang , Yipeng Kang , Yoonchang Sung , Yuxuan Chen , Zhaowei Zhang , Zhihan Wang , Zhiqiang Wu , Ziang Chen , Zilong Zheng , Zixia Jia , Ziyan Wang , Dylan Hadfield-Menell , Natasha Jaques , Tim Baarslag , Jose Hernandez-Orallo , Joel Z. Leibo

A long-term goal of language agents is to learn and improve through their own experience, ultimately outperforming humans in complex, real-world tasks. However, training agents from experience data with reinforcement learning remains…

The question of whether deep neural networks are good at generalising beyond their immediate training experience is of critical importance for learning-based approaches to AI. Here, we consider tests of out-of-sample generalisation that…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-02-20 Felix Hill , Andrew Lampinen , Rosalia Schneider , Stephen Clark , Matthew Botvinick , James L. McClelland , Adam Santoro

Large Language Model (LLM) based agents have proved their ability to perform complex tasks like humans. However, there is still a large gap between open-sourced LLMs and commercial models like the GPT series. In this paper, we focus on…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Dayuan Fu , Keqing He , Yejie Wang , Wentao Hong , Zhuoma Gongque , Weihao Zeng , Wei Wang , Jingang Wang , Xunliang Cai , Weiran Xu
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