Related papers: Revisiting the proton mass decomposition
I discuss the scope and naturalness of the proton mass decomposition (or sum rule) published in PRL74, 1071 (1995) and answer a few criticisms that appeared recently in the literature, focusing particularly on its interpretation and the…
Different decompositions of the nucleon mass, in terms of the masses and energies of the underlying constituents, have been proposed in the literature. We explore the corresponding sum rules in quantum electrodynamics for an electron at…
We review and examine in detail recent developments regarding the question of the nucleon mass decomposition. We discuss in particular the virial theorem in quantum field theory and its implications for the nucleon mass decomposition and…
Lattice results on sigma terms and global analysis of parton momentum fractions are used to give the quark and glue fractions of the proton mass and rest energy. The mass decomposition in terms of the trace of the energy-momentum tensor is…
Proton matrix elements of the QCD energy-momentum tensor (EMT) are expressed by the gravitational form factors. The forward values of the gravitational form factors allow for a decomposition of the proton mass into contributions from quarks…
We summarize recent works on the question of the nucleon mass decomposition and the 2D relativistic distribution of pressure forces on the light front. All these mechanical properties are encoded in the energy-momentum tensor of the system…
We report results on the proton mass decomposition and also on related quark and glue momentum fractions. The results are based on overlap valence fermions on four ensembles of $N_f = 2+1$ DWF configurations with three lattice spacings and…
In the quantum chromodynamics, the mass source of the proton is decomposed into four parts by the energy momentum tensor : quark energy term, gluon energy term, quark mass term and trace anomaly term. And the trace anomaly term is the most…
{}From the deep-inelastic momentum sum rule and the trace anomaly of the energy-momentum tensor, I derive a separation of the nucleon mass into the contributions of the quark and gluon kinetic and potential energies, the quark masses, and…
It is often claimed that 98% of the nucleon mass is generated by quantum chromodynamics. The decomposition of the nucleon mass based on the trace of the energy-momentum tensor suggests that gluons play by far a dominant role. About 25 years…
The status of proton decay is described, including general motivations for baryon number violation, and the present and future experimental situation. Grand unification with and without supersymmetry is considered, including possible…
We give a gauge-invariant treatment of the angular momentum sum-rule for the proton in terms of matrix elements of three gauge-invariant, local composite operators. These matrix elements are decomposed into three independent form factors,…
The trace of the stress tensor characterizes the transformation of a theory under rescaling. In quantum chromodynamics (QCD), this trace contains contributions from the bare masses of the quarks and also from a purely quantum effect, called…
We report the results on the proton mass decomposition and also on the related quark and glue momentum fractions. The results are based on overlap valence fermions on four ensembles of $N_f = 2+1$ DWF configurations with three lattice…
A method for quantization of the proton mass is here addressed, which provides a plausible explanation for the origin of mass and leads to the unification of mass and electric charge through their coupling. By means of an electromagnetic…
We estimate the form factors that parametrise the hadronic matrix elements of proton-to-pion transitions with the help of light-cone sum rules. These form factors are relevant for semi-leptonic proton decay channels induced by baryon-number…
While the main features of elastic, diffractive and total cross sections are described well by Regge theory, the measured rise of the proton-(anti)proton single diffraction dissociation cross section with energy is considerably smaller than…
We argue that the standard decompositions of the hadron mass overlook pressure effects, and hence should be interpreted with great care. Based on the semiclassical picture, we propose a new decomposition that properly accounts for these…
We consider the problem of reconstructing energies, momenta, and masses in collider events with missing energy, along with the complications introduced by combinatorial ambiguities and measurement errors. Typically, one reconstructs more…
In the QCD energy-momentum tensor $T^{\mu\nu}$, the terms that contribute to physical matrix elements are expressed as the sum of the gauge-invariant quark part and gluon part. Each part undergoes the renormalization due to the interactions…