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Quantum repeaters create long-distance entanglement between quantum systems while overcoming difficulties such as the attenuation of single photons in a fiber. Recently, an implementation of a repeater protocol based on single qubits in…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-07-03 L. Jiang , J. M. Taylor , M. D. Lukin

Quantum Information Networks (QINs) attract increasing interest, as they enable connecting quantum devices over long distances, thus greatly enhancing their intrinsic computing, sensing, and security capabilities. The core mechanism of a…

We present a quantum repeater protocol for distributing entanglement over long distances, where a dedicated communication stage enables trial rates not limited by the travel time between repeater nodes. To accomplish this, each node…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-04-25 Adam Kinos , Andreas Walther , Stefan Kröll , Lars Rippe

A major application of quantum communication is the distribution of entangled particles for use in quantum key distribution (QKD). Due to noise in the communication line, QKD is in practice limited to a distance of a few hundred kilometres,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-04-28 Stefan Bäuml , Matthias Christandl , Karol Horodecki , Andreas Winter

Satellite-serviced quantum networks pose an architectural problem distinct from classical satellite networking: because entanglement cannot be copied, and long-lived buffering is technologically constrained for near-term devices, useful…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-05 Prateek Mantri , Stav Haldar , Albert Williams , Don Towsley

Experimental deployment of quantum communication over Earth-satellite channels opens the way to a secure global quantum Internet. In this work, we present results from a real-time prototype quantum key distribution (QKD) system, which…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-08-13 Anju Rani , Xiaoyu Ai , Aman Gupta , Ravi Singh Adhikari , Robert Malaney

Quantum key distribution (QKD) has the potential to improve communications security by offering cryptographic keys whose security relies on the fundamental properties of quantum physics. The use of a trusted quantum receiver on an orbiting…

Present-day quantum communication predominantly depends on trusted relays (e.g., quantum repeaters, low-Earth-orbit satellite) connected by optical fiber cables to transmit information. However, recent evidence supports a decades-old…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2022-02-03 Wesley Joon-Wie Tann

Quantum key distribution (QKD) is a pioneering quantum technology on the brink of widespread deployment. Nevertheless, the distribution of secret keys beyond a few 100 kilometers at practical rates remains a major challenge. One approach to…

Global quantum communications will enable long-distance secure data transfer, networked distributed quantum information processing, and other entanglement-enabled technologies. Satellite quantum communication overcomes optical fibre range…

Quantum satellite communication (QSC) is emerging as a strategic technology for secure global networking and long-distance quantum connectivity. This review prioritizes the major challenges that still hinder large-scale deployment,…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-05-05 Omar Alnaseri , Yassine Himeur , Ahmed Al Asadi , Mohammed A. Ala'anzy , Rida Gadhafi , Shadi Atalla , Wathiq Mansoor

Quantum communication is a secure way to transfer quantum information and to communicate with legitimate parties over distant places in a network. Although communication over a long distance has already been attained, technical problem…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-03-07 Bikash K. Behera , Swarnadeep Seth , Antariksha Das , Prasanta K. Panigrahi

A quantum internet is the holy grail of quantum information processing, enabling the deployment of a broad range of quantum technologies and protocols on a global scale. However, numerous challenges exist before the quantum internet can…

Quantum repeaters -- important components of a scalable quantum internet -- enable the entanglement to be distributed over long distances. The standard paradigm for a quantum repeater relies on a necessary demanding requirement of quantum…

Quantum repeaters, which are indispensable for long-distance quantum communication, are necessary for extending the entanglement from short distance to long distance; however, high-rate entanglement distribution, even between adjacent…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-07-26 Daisuke Yoshida , Kazuya Niizeki , Shuhei Tamura , Tomoyuki Horikiri

Quantum key distribution (QKD) is a family of protocols for growing a private encryption key between two parties. Despite much progress, all ground-based QKD approaches have a distance limit due to atmospheric losses or in-fibre…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-08-28 Robert Bedington , Juan Miguel Arrazola , Alexander Ling

A quantum network provides an infrastructure connecting quantum devices with revolutionary computing, sensing, and communication capabilities. As the best-known application of a quantum network, quantum key distribution (QKD) shares secure…

Quantum computing is poised to redefine the algorithmic foundations of communication systems. While quantum superposition and entanglement enable quadratic or exponential speedups for specific problems, identifying use cases where these…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-12-10 Naoki Ishikawa , Giuseppe Thadeu Freitas de Abreu , Petar Popovski , Robert W. Heath

The feasibility of trust-free long-haul quantum key distribution (QKD) networks is addressed. We combine measurement-device-independent QKD (MDI-QKD), as an access technology, with a quantum repeater setup, at the core of future quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-03-02 Nicoló Lo Piparo , Mohsen Razavi

Quantum entanglement is an indispensable resource for many significant quantum information processing tasks. However, because of the noise in quantum channels, it is difficult to distribute quantum entanglement over a long distance in…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-01-31 Zhaofeng Su , Ji Guan , Lvzhou Li