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We tackle the problem of producing compact models, maximizing their accuracy for a given model size. A standard solution is to train networks with Quantization Aware Training, where the weights are quantized during training and the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-02 Angela Fan , Pierre Stock , Benjamin Graham , Edouard Grave , Remi Gribonval , Herve Jegou , Armand Joulin

In the era of large-scale language models, the substantial parameter size poses significant challenges for deployment. Being a prevalent compression technique, quantization has emerged as the mainstream practice to tackle this issue, which…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-08-31 Qingyuan Li , Yifan Zhang , Liang Li , Peng Yao , Bo Zhang , Xiangxiang Chu , Yerui Sun , Li Du , Yuchen Xie

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown an impressive capability in code generation. The LLM effectiveness generally increases with its size: The higher the number of LLM's trainable parameters the better its ability to implement code.…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-01-28 Alessandro Giagnorio , Antonio Mastropaolo , Saima Afrin , Massimiliano Di Penta , Gabriele Bavota

With the commercialization of large language models (LLMs), weight-activation quantization has emerged to compress and accelerate LLMs, achieving high throughput while reducing inference costs. However, existing post-training quantization…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-11 Jung Hyun Lee , Jeonghoon Kim , June Yong Yang , Se Jung Kwon , Eunho Yang , Kang Min Yoo , Dongsoo Lee

This paper tackles the problem of training a deep convolutional neural network with both low-precision weights and low-bitwidth activations. Optimizing a low-precision network is very challenging since the training process can easily get…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-06-05 Bohan Zhuang , Chunhua Shen , Mingkui Tan , Lingqiao Liu , Ian Reid

Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) have proven to be a powerful state-of-the-art method for image classification tasks. One drawback however is the high computational complexity and high memory consumption of CNNs which makes them…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-02-04 Rishabh Goyal , Joaquin Vanschoren , Victor van Acht , Stephan Nijssen

We present a post-training weight pruning method for deep neural networks that achieves accuracy levels tolerable for the production setting and that is sufficiently fast to be run on commodity hardware such as desktop CPUs or edge devices.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-05-03 Ivan Lazarevich , Alexander Kozlov , Nikita Malinin

At present, the quantification methods of neural network models are mainly divided into post-training quantization (PTQ) and quantization aware training (QAT). Post-training quantization only need a small part of the data to complete the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-07-08 Huabin Diao , Gongyan Li , Shaoyun Xu , Yuexing Hao

Neural networks have shown great performance in cognitive tasks. When deploying network models on mobile devices with limited resources, weight quantization has been widely adopted. Binary quantization obtains the highest compression but…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-11-14 Hsin-Pai Cheng , Yuanjun Huang , Xuyang Guo , Yifei Huang , Feng Yan , Hai Li , Yiran Chen

Quantizing deep networks with adaptive bit-widths is a promising technique for efficient inference across many devices and resource constraints. In contrast to static methods that repeat the quantization process and train different models…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-09-20 Ximeng Sun , Rameswar Panda , Chun-Fu Chen , Naigang Wang , Bowen Pan , Kailash Gopalakrishnan , Aude Oliva , Rogerio Feris , Kate Saenko

Video matting is crucial for applications such as film production and virtual reality, yet deploying its computationally intensive models on resource-constrained devices presents challenges. Quantization is a key technique for model…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-13 Tianrui Zhu , Houyuan Chen , Ruihao Gong , Michele Magno , Haotong Qin , Kai Zhang

Quantization and pruning form the foundation of compression for neural networks, enabling efficient inference for large language models (LLMs). Recently, various quantization and pruning techniques have demonstrated remarkable performance…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-06 Miles Williams , Nikolaos Aletras

In low-latency or mobile applications, lower computation complexity, lower memory footprint and better energy efficiency are desired. Many prior works address this need by removing redundant parameters. Parameter quantization replaces…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-16 Cheng-Chou Lan

Large language models (LLMs) have transformed natural-language processing, yet their scale makes real-world deployment costly. Post-training quantization reduces memory and computation but often degrades accuracy, while quantization-aware…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-15 Cody Steinmetz , Gavin Childress , Aaron Herbst , Gavin Jones , Jasdeep Singh , Eli Vang , Keagan Weinstock

Recent machine learning methods use increasingly large deep neural networks to achieve state of the art results in various tasks. The gains in performance come at the cost of a substantial increase in computation and storage requirements.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-03-26 Yoni Choukroun , Eli Kravchik , Fan Yang , Pavel Kisilev

We consider the problem of deep neural net compression by quantization: given a large, reference net, we want to quantize its real-valued weights using a codebook with $K$ entries so that the training loss of the quantized net is minimal.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-07-17 Miguel Á. Carreira-Perpiñán , Yerlan Idelbayev

We introduce a data-free quantization method for deep neural networks that does not require fine-tuning or hyperparameter selection. It achieves near-original model performance on common computer vision architectures and tasks. 8-bit…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-11-26 Markus Nagel , Mart van Baalen , Tijmen Blankevoort , Max Welling

Large language models with billions of parameters are often over-provisioned: many layers contribute little unique information yet dominate the memory and energy footprint during inference. We present LieQ Layer-wise information…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-30 He Xiao , Qingyao Yang , Dirui Xie , Wendong Xu , Zunhai Su , Runming yang , Wenyong Zhou , Haobo Liu , Zhengwu Liu , Ngai Wong

Deep networks run with low precision operations at inference time offer power and space advantages over high precision alternatives, but need to overcome the challenge of maintaining high accuracy as precision decreases. Here, we present a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-05-08 Steven K. Esser , Jeffrey L. McKinstry , Deepika Bablani , Rathinakumar Appuswamy , Dharmendra S. Modha

Deep learning algorithms achieve high classification accuracy at the expense of significant computation cost. To address this cost, a number of quantization schemes have been proposed - but most of these techniques focused on quantizing…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-07-18 Jungwook Choi , Zhuo Wang , Swagath Venkataramani , Pierce I-Jen Chuang , Vijayalakshmi Srinivasan , Kailash Gopalakrishnan