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State-of-the-art results on neural machine translation often use attentional sequence-to-sequence models with some form of convolution or recursion. Vaswani et al. (2017) propose a new architecture that avoids recurrence and convolution…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2017-11-08 Karim Ahmed , Nitish Shirish Keskar , Richard Socher

Transformers have become the cornerstone of modern large-scale language models, but their reliance on softmax attention poses a computational bottleneck at both training and inference. Recurrent models offer high efficiency, but compressing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-20 Xiuying Wei , Anunay Yadav , Razvan Pascanu , Caglar Gulcehre

Transformers are widely used in natural language processing, where they consistently achieve state-of-the-art performance. This is mainly due to their attention-based architecture, which allows them to model rich linguistic relations…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-29 Nikolaos Mylonas , Ioannis Mollas , Grigorios Tsoumakas

The state of the art in learning meaningful semantic representations of words is the Transformer model and its attention mechanisms. Simply put, the attention mechanisms learn to attend to specific parts of the input dispensing recurrence…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-12-24 Dongsheng Wang , Casper Hansen , Lucas Chaves Lima , Christian Hansen , Maria Maistro , Jakob Grue Simonsen , Christina Lioma

Transformer-based methods have shown impressive performance in image restoration tasks, such as image super-resolution and denoising. However, we find that these networks can only utilize a limited spatial range of input information through…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Xiangyu Chen , Xintao Wang , Wenlong Zhang , Xiangtao Kong , Yu Qiao , Jiantao Zhou , Chao Dong

Initially developed for natural language processing (NLP), Transformer model is now widely used for speech processing tasks such as speaker recognition, due to its powerful sequence modeling capabilities. However, conventional…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-01-28 Rui Wang , Junyi Ao , Long Zhou , Shujie Liu , Zhihua Wei , Tom Ko , Qing Li , Yu Zhang

Self-attention is key to the remarkable success of transformers in sequence modeling tasks including many applications in natural language processing and computer vision. Like neural network layers, these attention mechanisms are often…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-21 Tan M. Nguyen , Tam Nguyen , Nhat Ho , Andrea L. Bertozzi , Richard G. Baraniuk , Stanley J. Osher

Transformer plays a central role in many fundamental deep learning models, e.g., the ViT in computer vision and the BERT and GPT in natural language processing, whose effectiveness is mainly attributed to its multi-head attention (MHA)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-16 Shen Yuan , Hongteng Xu

The Vision Transformer (ViT) has made significant advancements in computer vision, utilizing self-attention mechanisms to achieve state-of-the-art performance across various tasks, including image classification, object detection, and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-04-29 Sehyeong Jo , Gangjae Jang , Haesol Park

This document provides a brief introduction to the attention mechanism used in modern language models based on the Transformer architecture. We first illustrate how text is encoded as vectors and how the attention mechanism processes these…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2026-04-02 Michel Fabrice Serret

Vision Transformers are very popular nowadays due to their state-of-the-art performance in several computer vision tasks, such as image classification and action recognition. Although their performance has been greatly enhanced through…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-10-28 Dimitrios Konstantinidis , Ilias Papastratis , Kosmas Dimitropoulos , Petros Daras

This paper studies the relative importance of attention heads in Transformer-based models to aid their interpretability in cross-lingual and multi-lingual tasks. Prior research has found that only a few attention heads are important in each…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-08-20 Weicheng Ma , Kai Zhang , Renze Lou , Lili Wang , Soroush Vosoughi

The attention mechanism has been the core component in modern transformer architectures. However, the computation of standard full attention scales quadratically with the sequence length, serving as a major bottleneck in long-context…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Yusheng Zhao , Hourun Li , Bohan Wu , Yichun Yin , Lifeng Shang , Jingyang Yuan , Meng Zhang , Ming Zhang

Attention, specifically scaled dot-product attention, has proven effective for natural language, but it does not have a mechanism for handling hierarchical patterns of arbitrary nesting depth, which limits its ability to recognize certain…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-25 Brian DuSell , David Chiang

Transformers achieve strong performance across diverse domains but implicitly assume Euclidean geometry in their attention mechanisms, limiting their effectiveness on data with non-Euclidean structure. While recent extensions to hyperbolic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-03 Ryan Y. Lin , Siddhartha Ojha , Nicholas Bai

Pretrained transformer models have demonstrated remarkable performance across various natural language processing tasks. These models leverage the attention mechanism to capture long- and short-range dependencies in the sequence. However,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-20 Qingru Zhang , Dhananjay Ram , Cole Hawkins , Sheng Zha , Tuo Zhao

Transformer-based models have brought a radical change to neural machine translation. A key feature of the Transformer architecture is the so-called multi-head attention mechanism, which allows the model to focus simultaneously on different…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-06 Alessandro Raganato , Yves Scherrer , Jörg Tiedemann

Vision transformer (ViT) expands the success of transformer models from sequential data to images. The model decomposes an image into many smaller patches and arranges them into a sequence. Multi-head self-attentions are then applied to the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-27 Yiran Li , Junpeng Wang , Xin Dai , Liang Wang , Chin-Chia Michael Yeh , Yan Zheng , Wei Zhang , Kwan-Liu Ma

Self-attention mechanism is the key of the Transformer but often criticized for its computation demands. Previous token pruning works motivate their methods from the view of computation redundancy but still need to load the full network and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-04-09 Sihao Lin , Pumeng Lyu , Dongrui Liu , Tao Tang , Xiaodan Liang , Andy Song , Xiaojun Chang

The Transformer architecture has significantly advanced deep learning, particularly in natural language processing, by effectively managing long-range dependencies. However, as the demand for understanding complex relationships grows,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-18 Qian Chen , Wen Wang , Qinglin Zhang , Siqi Zheng , Shiliang Zhang , Chong Deng , Hai Yu , Jiaqing Liu , Yukun Ma , Chong Zhang