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Existing benchmarks for evaluating mathematical reasoning in large language models (LLMs) rely primarily on competition problems, formal proofs, or artificially challenging questions -- failing to capture the nature of mathematics…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Jie Zhang , Cezara Petrui , Kristina Nikolić , Florian Tramèr

With the rapid development and widespread application of Large Language Models (LLMs), multidimensional evaluation has become increasingly critical. However, current evaluations are often domain-specific and overly complex, limiting their…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Haitao Wu , Zongbo Han , Joey Tianyi Zhou , Huaxi Huang , Changqing Zhang

Although language models demonstrate remarkable proficiency on mathematical benchmarks, it remains unclear whether this reflects true mathematical reasoning or statistical pattern matching over learning formal syntax. Most existing…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-27 Michael Cooper , Samuel Cooper

As the mathematical capabilities of large language models (LLMs) improve, it becomes increasingly important to evaluate their performance on research-level tasks at the frontier of mathematical knowledge. However, existing benchmarks are…

Grasping the concept of time is a fundamental facet of human cognition, indispensable for truly comprehending the intricacies of the world. Previous studies typically focus on specific aspects of time, lacking a comprehensive temporal…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-01 Zheng Chu , Jingchang Chen , Qianglong Chen , Weijiang Yu , Haotian Wang , Ming Liu , Bing Qin

Multi-modal Large Language Models (MLLMs) are increasingly prominent in the field of artificial intelligence. These models not only excel in traditional vision-language tasks but also demonstrate impressive performance in contemporary…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-12-06 Xiaotian Han , Quanzeng You , Yongfei Liu , Wentao Chen , Huangjie Zheng , Khalil Mrini , Xudong Lin , Yiqi Wang , Bohan Zhai , Jianbo Yuan , Heng Wang , Hongxia Yang

Mathematical reasoning---a core ability within human intelligence---presents some unique challenges as a domain: we do not come to understand and solve mathematical problems primarily on the back of experience and evidence, but on the basis…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-04-03 David Saxton , Edward Grefenstette , Felix Hill , Pushmeet Kohli

Recent large language models (LLMs) achieve near-saturation accuracy on many established mathematical reasoning benchmarks, raising concerns about their ability to diagnose genuine reasoning competence. This saturation largely stems from…

Transformers demonstrate impressive performance on a range of reasoning benchmarks. To evaluate the degree to which these abilities are a result of actual reasoning, existing work has focused on developing sophisticated benchmarks for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-02 Jannik Brinkmann , Abhay Sheshadri , Victor Levoso , Paul Swoboda , Christian Bartelt

Despite the remarkable advancements and widespread applications of deep neural networks, their ability to perform reasoning tasks remains limited, particularly in domains requiring structured, abstract thought. In this paper, we investigate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-16 Satyam Goyal , Soham Dan

In this paper, we offer a guide for researchers on evaluating reasoning in language models, building the case that reasoning should be assessed through evidence of adaptive, multi-step search rather than final-answer accuracy alone. Under…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Munachiso Samuel Nwadike , Zangir Iklassov , Kareem Ali , Rifo Genadi , Kentaro Inui

In this paper, we aim to establish a simple, effective, and theoretically grounded benchmark for rigorously probing abstract reasoning in Large Language Models (LLMs). To achieve this, we first develop a mathematic framework that defines…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Qingchuan Ma , Yuhang Wu , Xiawu Zheng , Rongrong Ji

Existing benchmarks for frontier models often test specialized, "PhD-level" knowledge that is difficult for non-experts to grasp. In contrast, we present a benchmark with 613 problems based on the NPR Sunday Puzzle Challenge that requires…

Many challenging reasoning tasks require not just rapid, intuitive responses, but a more deliberate, multi-step approach. Recent progress in large language models (LLMs) highlights an important shift from the "System 1" way of quick…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Guizhen Chen , Weiwen Xu , Hao Zhang , Hou Pong Chan , Chaoqun Liu , Lidong Bing , Deli Zhao , Anh Tuan Luu , Yu Rong

Commonsense reasoning is intuitive for humans but has been a long-term challenge for artificial intelligence (AI). Recent advancements in pretrained language models have shown promising results on several commonsense benchmark datasets.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-03 Shikhar Singh , Nuan Wen , Yu Hou , Pegah Alipoormolabashi , Te-Lin Wu , Xuezhe Ma , Nanyun Peng

The use of Large Language Models (LLMs) in mathematical reasoning has become a cornerstone of related research, demonstrating the intelligence of these models and enabling potential practical applications through their advanced performance,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-20 Kathrin Seßler , Yao Rong , Emek Gözlüklü , Enkelejda Kasneci

Machine reading comprehension (MRC) has received considerable attention as a benchmark for natural language understanding. However, the conventional task design of MRC lacks explainability beyond the model interpretation, i.e., reading…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-01-27 Saku Sugawara , Pontus Stenetorp , Akiko Aizawa

Recent advancements in large language models have led to significant improvements across various tasks, including mathematical reasoning, which is used to assess models' intelligence in logical reasoning and problem-solving. Models are…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-27 Erez Yosef , Oron Anschel , Shunit Haviv Hakimi , Asaf Gendler , Adam Botach , Nimrod Berman , Igor Kviatkovsky

Breakthroughs in frontier theory often depend on the combination of concrete diagrammatic notations with rigorous logic. While multimodal large language models (MLLMs) show promise in general scientific tasks, current benchmarks often focus…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Zeyu Wang , Xiaogang Li , Peiyao Xiao , Qinhao Kong , Ben Wang , Chengliang Xu , Zichao Chen , Bing Zhao , Hu Wei

Reasoning is an essential component of human intelligence as it plays a fundamental role in our ability to think critically, support responsible decisions, and solve challenging problems. Traditionally, AI has addressed reasoning in the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-10-16 Ken Satoh , Ha-Thanh Nguyen , Francesca Toni , Randy Goebel , Kostas Stathis