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We present an end-to-end framework for solving the Vehicle Routing Problem (VRP) using reinforcement learning. In this approach, we train a single model that finds near-optimal solutions for problem instances sampled from a given…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-05-23 Mohammadreza Nazari , Afshin Oroojlooy , Lawrence V. Snyder , Martin Takáč

A key challenge in solving a combinatorial optimization problem is how to guide the agent (i.e., solver) to efficiently explore the enormous search space. Conventional approaches often rely on enumeration (e.g., exhaustive, random, or tabu…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-08-11 Xingwen Zhang , Shuang Yang

The multi-vehicle covering tour problem with time windows (MCTPTW) aims to construct a set of maximal coverage routes for a fleet of vehicles that serve (observe) a secondary set of sites given a fixed time schedule, coverage requirements,…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-05-12 Joshua T. Margolis , Yongjia Song , Scott J. Mason

We consider a vehicle routing problem which seeks to minimize cost subject to service level constraints on several groups of deliveries. This problem captures some essential challenges faced by a logistics provider which operates…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2017-06-13 Teobaldo Bulhões , Minh Hoàng Hà , Rafael Martinelli , Thibaut Vidal

Routing problems are a class of combinatorial problems with many practical applications. Recently, end-to-end deep learning methods have been proposed to learn approximate solution heuristics for such problems. In contrast, classical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-06 Wouter Kool , Herke van Hoof , Joaquim Gromicho , Max Welling

We investigate the benefit of using contextual information in data-driven demand predictions to solve the robust capacitated vehicle routing problem with time windows. Instead of estimating the demand distribution or its mean, we introduce…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-10-27 Ali İrfan Mahmutoğulları , Tias Guns

Electric Vehicles (EVs) are becoming increasingly prevalent nowadays, with studies highlighting their potential as mobile energy storage systems to provide grid support. Realising this potential requires effective charging coordination,…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-07-22 Jun Kang Yap , Vishnu Monn Baskaran , Wen Shan Tan , Ze Yang Ding , Hao Wang , David L. Dowe

Neural Combinatorial Optimization (NCO) has emerged as a promising learning-based paradigm for addressing Vehicle Routing Problems (VRPs) by minimizing the need for extensive manual engineering. While existing NCO methods, trained on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-24 Yuanyao Chen , Rongsheng Chen , Fu Luo , Zhenkun Wang

The past decade has seen a rapid penetration of electric vehicles (EV) in the market, more and more logistics and transportation companies start to deploy EVs for service provision. In order to model the operations of a commercial EV fleet,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-08-24 Bo Lin , Bissan Ghaddar , Jatin Nathwani

We study the demand-robust fleet size vehicle routing problem with time windows and compatibility constraints. Unlike traditional robust optimization, which considers uncertainty in the data, demand-robust optimization considers uncertainty…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-06-13 Jordan Makansi

Despite the extensive research efforts and the remarkable results obtained on Vehicle Routing Problems (VRP) by using algorithms proposed by the Machine Learning community that are partially or entirely based on data-driven analysis, most…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-30 Luca Accorsi , Andrea Lodi , Daniele Vigo

We propose a manager-worker framework based on deep reinforcement learning to tackle a hard yet nontrivial variant of Travelling Salesman Problem (TSP), \ie~multiple-vehicle TSP with time window and rejections (mTSPTWR), where customers who…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-09-14 Rongkai Zhang , Cong Zhang , Zhiguang Cao , Wen Song , Puay Siew Tan , Jie Zhang , Bihan Wen , Justin Dauwels

Collaborative vehicle routing occurs when carriers collaborate through sharing their transportation requests and performing transportation requests on behalf of each other. This achieves economies of scale, thus reducing cost, greenhouse…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-27 Stephen Mak , Liming Xu , Tim Pearce , Michael Ostroumov , Alexandra Brintrup

The Profiled Vehicle Routing Problem (PVRP) extends the classical VRP by incorporating vehicle-client-specific preferences and constraints, reflecting real-world requirements such as zone restrictions and service-level preferences. While…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Chuanbo Hua , Federico Berto , Zhikai Zhao , Jiwoo Son , Changhyun Kwon , Jinkyoo Park

Truck platooning, a linking technology of trucks on the highway, has gained enormous attention in recent years due to its benefits in energy and operation cost savings. However, most existing studies on truck platooning limit their focus on…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-04-23 Yilang Hao , Zhibin Chen , Xiaotong Sun , Lu Tong

The application of learning based methods to vehicle routing problems has emerged as a pivotal area of research in combinatorial optimization. These problems are characterized by vast solution spaces and intricate constraints, making…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-14 Zhenwei Wang , Ruibin Bai , Tiehua Zhang

Recently, neural networks (NN) have made great strides in combinatorial optimization. However, they face challenges when solving the capacitated arc routing problem (CARP) which is to find the minimum-cost tour covering all required edges…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-13 Runze Guo , Feng Xue , Anlong Ming , Nicu Sebe

We develop theoretical foundations and practical algorithms for vehicle routing with time-dependent travel times. We also provide new benchmark instances and experimental results. First, we study basic operations on piecewise linear arrival…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2024-03-26 Jannis Blauth , Stephan Held , Dirk Müller , Niklas Schlomberg , Vera Traub , Thorben Tröbst , Jens Vygen

Learning to solve combinatorial optimization problems, such as the vehicle routing problem, offers great computational advantages over classical operations research solvers and heuristics. The recently developed deep reinforcement learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-01-06 Daniela Thyssens , Jonas Falkner , Lars Schmidt-Thieme

Motivated by the promising advances of deep-reinforcement learning (DRL) applied to cooperative multi-agent systems we propose a model and learning procedure to solve the Capacitated Multi-Vehicle Routing Problem (CMVRP) with fixed fleet…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2019-12-10 Jose Manuel Vera , Andres G. Abad