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In recent years, spiking neural networks (SNNs) have been used in reinforcement learning (RL) due to their low power consumption and event-driven features. However, spiking reinforcement learning (SRL), which suffers from fixed coding…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-25 Lang Qin , Rui Yan , Huajin Tang

Deep spiking neural networks (SNNs) offer the promise of low-power artificial intelligence. However, training deep SNNs from scratch or converting deep artificial neural networks to SNNs without loss of performance has been a challenge.…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2022-12-26 Ana Stanojevic , Stanisław Woźniak , Guillaume Bellec , Giovanni Cherubini , Angeliki Pantazi , Wulfram Gerstner

The widespread use of Multi-layer perceptrons (MLPs) often relies on a fixed activation function (e.g., ReLU, Sigmoid, Tanh) for all nodes within the hidden layers. While effective in many scenarios, this uniformity may limit the networks…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-28 Hy Nguyen , Duy Khoa Pham , Srikanth Thudumu , Hung Du , Rajesh Vasa , Kon Mouzakis

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) provide an energy-efficient alternative to a variety of artificial neural network (ANN) based AI applications. As the progress in neuromorphic computing with SNNs expands their use in applications, the problem…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-04-15 Ozan Özdenizci , Robert Legenstein

Activation in deep neural networks is fundamental to achieving non-linear mappings. Traditional studies mainly focus on finding fixed activations for a particular set of learning tasks or model architectures. The research on flexible…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2020-08-20 Renlong Jie , Junbin Gao , Andrey Vasnev , Min-ngoc Tran

Deep learning is currently extensively employed across a range of research domains. The continuous advancements in deep learning techniques contribute to solving intricate challenges. Activation functions (AF) are fundamental components…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-03 Asmaa Benchama , Khalid Zebbara

Deep neural networks (DNNs) have achieved state-of-the-art results in various pattern recognition tasks. However, they perform poorly on out-of-distribution adversarial examples i.e. inputs that are specifically crafted by an adversary to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-05-09 Chirag Agarwal , Anh Nguyen , Dan Schonfeld

Deep neural networks continue to awe the world with their remarkable performance. Their predictions, however, are prone to be corrupted by adversarial examples that are imperceptible to humans. Current efforts to improve the robustness of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-08-11 Jisoo Mok , Byunggook Na , Hyeokjun Choe , Sungroh Yoon

Making neural networks robust against adversarial inputs has resulted in an arms race between new defenses and attacks. The most promising defenses, adversarially robust training and verifiably robust training, have limitations that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-12-04 Shiqi Wang , Yizheng Chen , Ahmed Abdou , Suman Jana

Activation functions are fundamental elements of deep learning architectures as they significantly influence training dynamics. ReLU, while widely used, is prone to the dying neuron problem, which has been mitigated by variants such as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-22 Indrashis Das , Mahmoud Safari , Steven Adriaensen , Frank Hutter

Artificial neural networks typically have a fixed, non-linear activation function at each neuron. We have designed a novel form of piecewise linear activation function that is learned independently for each neuron using gradient descent.…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2015-04-22 Forest Agostinelli , Matthew Hoffman , Peter Sadowski , Pierre Baldi

Adversarial examples contain small perturbations that can remain imperceptible to human observers but alter the behavior of even the best performing deep learning models and yield incorrect outputs. Since their discovery, adversarial…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-08-08 Andras Rozsa , Terrance E. Boult

Adversarial attacks have been widely studied for general classification tasks, but remain unexplored in the context of fine-grained recognition, where the inter-class similarities facilitate the attacker's task. In this paper, we identify…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-06-12 Krishna Kanth Nakka , Mathieu Salzmann

In standard Deep Neural Network (DNN) based classifiers, the general convention is to omit the activation function in the last (output) layer and directly apply the softmax function on the logits to get the probability scores of each class.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-17 Omer Faruk Tuna , Ferhat Ozgur Catak , M. Taner Eskil

Recent advances in adversarial attacks uncover the intrinsic vulnerability of modern deep neural networks. Since then, extensive efforts have been devoted to enhancing the robustness of deep networks via specialized learning algorithms and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-03-27 Minghao Guo , Yuzhe Yang , Rui Xu , Ziwei Liu , Dahua Lin

We propose the Moderate Adaptive Linear Unit (MoLU), a novel activation function for deep neural networks, defined analytically as: f(x)=x \times (1+tanh(x))/2. MoLU combines mathematical elegance with empirical effectiveness, exhibiting…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-16 Hankyul Koh , Joon-hyuk Ko , Wonho Jhe

The vulnerability to adversarial perturbations is a major flaw of Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) that raises question about their reliability when in real-world scenarios. On the other hand, human perception, which DNNs are supposed to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-09 Muhammad Ahmed Shah , Bhiksha Raj

Existing deep neural networks, say for image classification, have been shown to be vulnerable to adversarial images that can cause a DNN misclassification, without any perceptible change to an image. In this work, we propose shock absorbing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-09-19 Kevin Eykholt , Swati Gupta , Atul Prakash , Amir Rahmati , Pratik Vaishnavi , Haizhong Zheng

Deep Learning Systems (DLSs) are increasingly deployed in real-time applications, including those in resourceconstrained environments such as mobile and IoT devices. To address efficiency challenges, Dynamic Deep Learning Systems (DDLSs)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-13 Ravishka Rathnasuriya , Tingxi Li , Zexin Xu , Zihe Song , Mirazul Haque , Simin Chen , Wei Yang

Activation functions in neural networks are typically selected from a set of empirically validated, commonly used static functions such as ReLU, tanh, or sigmoid. However, by optimizing the shapes of a network's activation functions, we can…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-24 William H Patty