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Spam can be defined as unsolicited bulk email. In an effort to evade text-based filters, spammers sometimes embed spam text in an image, which is referred to as image spam. In this research, we consider the problem of image spam detection,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-04-06 Tazmina Sharmin , Fabio Di Troia , Katerina Potika , Mark Stamp

Hackers and spammers are employing innovative and novel techniques to deceive novice and even knowledgeable internet users. Image spam is one of such technique where the spammer varies and changes some portion of the image such that it is…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-10-10 Amara Dinesh Kumar , Vinayakumar R , Soman KP

Image spam threat detection has continually been a popular area of research with the internet's phenomenal expansion. This research presents an explainable framework for detecting spam images using Convolutional Neural Network(CNN)…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-02-01 Zhibo Zhang , Ernesto Damiani , Hussam Al Hamadi , Chan Yeob Yeun , Fatma Taher

The increase in people's use of mobile messaging services has led to the spread of social engineering attacks like phishing, considering that spam text is one of the main factors in the dissemination of phishing attacks to steal sensitive…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-05-10 Mai A. Shaaban , Yasser F. Hassan , Shawkat K. Guirguis

Email is one of the most widely used ways to communicate, with millions of people and businesses relying on it to communicate and share knowledge and information on a daily basis. Nevertheless, the rise in email users has occurred a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-07-18 Sultan Zavrak , Seyhmus Yilmaz

A robust and reliable system of detecting spam reviews is a crying need in todays world in order to purchase products without being cheated from online sites. In many online sites, there are options for posting reviews, and thus creating…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-04 G. M. Shahariar , Swapnil Biswas , Faiza Omar , Faisal Muhammad Shah , Samiha Binte Hassan

With the rapid adoption of Internet as an easy way to communicate, the amount of unsolicited e-mails, known as spam e-mails, has been growing rapidly. The major problem of spam e-mails is the loss of productivity and a drain on IT…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2012-12-11 Mohammadi Akheela Khanum , Lamia Mohammed Ketari

As the name suggests, image spam is spam email that has been embedded in an image. Image spam was developed in an effort to evade text-based filters. Modern deep learning-based classifiers perform well in detecting typical image spam that…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-03-10 Andy Phung , Mark Stamp

Deep learning transformer models become important by training on text data based on self-attention mechanisms. This manuscript demonstrated a novel universal spam detection model using pre-trained Google's Bidirectional Encoder…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-02-09 Vijay Srinivas Tida , Sonya Hsu

The popularity, cost-effectiveness and ease of information exchange that electronic mails offer to electronic device users has been plagued with the rising number of unsolicited or spam emails. Driven by the need to protect email users from…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-01-01 Ismail B. Mustapha , Shafaatunnur Hasan , Sunday O. Olatunji , Siti Mariyam Shamsuddin , Afolabi Kazeem

The exponential growth of spam text on the Internet necessitates robust detection mechanisms to mitigate risks such as information leakage and social instability. This work addresses two principal challenges: adversarial strategies employed…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-25 Zhijie Wang , Zixin Xu , Zhiyuan Pan

In recent years, spammers are now trying to obfuscate their intents by introducing hybrid spam e-mail combining both image and text parts, which is more challenging to detect in comparison to e-mails containing text or image only. The…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-05-16 Zhibo Zhang , Ernesto Damiani , Hussam Al Hamadi , Chan Yeob Yeun , Fatma Taher

For safety-critical applications such as autonomous driving, CNNs have to be robust with respect to unavoidable image corruptions, such as image noise. While previous works addressed the task of robust prediction in the context of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-11-11 Christoph Kamann , Burkhard Güssefeld , Robin Hutmacher , Jan Hendrik Metzen , Carsten Rother

Recent spam email techniques exploit visual effects in text messages, such as poisoning text, obfuscating words, and hidden text salting techniques. These effects were able to evade spam detection techniques based on the text. In this…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-01 Ali Hossary , Stefano Tomasin

Today, people use email services such as Gmail, Outlook, AOL Mail, etc. to communicate with each other as quickly as possible to send information and official letters. Spam or junk mail is a major challenge to this type of communication,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-03-16 Kazem Taghandiki

In this paper, we introduce DeepQuarantine (DQ), a cloud technology to detect and quarantine potential spam messages. Spam attacks are becoming more diverse and can potentially be harmful to email users. Despite the high quality and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-01-14 Nikita Benkovich , Roman Dedenok , Dmitry Golubev

Finding a template in a search image is an important task underlying many computer vision applications. Recent approaches perform template matching in a deep feature-space, produced by a convolutional neural network (CNN), which is found to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-05-10 Bo Gao , M. W. Spratling

Spam pages are designed to maliciously appear among the top search results by excessive usage of popular terms. Therefore, spam pages should be removed using an effective and efficient spam detection system. Previous methods for web spam…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2013-07-25 Ali Hadian , Behrouz Minaei-Bidgoli

Spam is a serious problem plaguing web-scale digital platforms which facilitate user content creation and distribution. It compromises platform's integrity, performance of services like recommendation and search, and overall business.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-07-25 Prabhat Agarwal , Manisha Srivastava , Vishwakarma Singh , Charles Rosenberg

Detecting and classifying targets in video streams from surveillance cameras is a cumbersome, error-prone and expensive task. Often, the incurred costs are prohibitive for real-time monitoring. This leads to data being stored locally or…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2017-11-10 Lukas Cavigelli , Dominic Bernath , Michele Magno , Luca Benini
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