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Virtual power plant (VPP) provides a flexible solution to distributed energy resources integration by aggregating renewable generation units, conventional power plants, energy storages, and flexible demands. This paper proposes a novel…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-02-04 Yunfan Zhang , Feng Liu , Zhaojian Wang , Yifan Su , Weisheng Wang , Shuanglei Feng

The rapid deployment of distributed energy resources (DERs) is one of the essential efforts to mitigate global climate change. However, a vast number of small-scale DERs are difficult to manage individually, motivating the introduction of…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-26 Tao Tan , Rui Xie , Meng Yang , Yue Chen

As power systems advance toward net-zero targets, behind-the-meter renewables are driving rapid growth in distributed energy resources (DERs). Virtual power plants (VPPs) increasingly coordinate these resources to support power distribution…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-07 Chenghao Huang , Jiarong Fan , Weiqing Wang , Hao Wang

In this paper, a novel approach to define the optimal bidding of renewable-only virtual power plants (RVPPs) in the day-ahead, secondary reserve, and intra-day markets is proposed. To this aim, a robust optimization algorithm is developed…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-02-20 Hadi Nemati , Pedro Sánchez-Martín , Álvaro Ortega , Lukas Sigrist , Enrique Lobato , Luis Rouco

The advent of distributed energy resources (DERs), such as distributed renewables, energy storage, electric vehicles, and controllable loads, \rv{brings} a significantly disruptive and transformational impact on the centralized power…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-06-01 Qing Yang , Hao Wang , Taotao Wang , Shengli Zhang , Xiaoxiao Wu , Hui Wang

This paper presents a distributionally robust model predictive control (DRMPC) framework for the optimal Virtual Power Plant (VPP) operation under electricity price uncertainty. A unified VPP model is formulated that captures the…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-05-15 Nikolas Recke , Mathias Hudoba de Badyn

This paper develops a power management scheme that jointly optimizes the real power consumption of programmable loads and reactive power outputs of photovoltaic (PV) inverters in distribution networks. The premise is to determine the…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2016-10-20 Mohammadhafez Bazrafshan , Nikolaos Gatsis

The growing integration of distributed energy resources (DERs) into the power grid necessitates an effective coordination strategy to maximize their benefits. Acting as an aggregator of DERs, a virtual power plant (VPP) facilitates this…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-06-04 Pratik Harsh , Hongjian Sun , Debapriya Das , Goyal Awagan , Jing Jiang

The desire to overcome reliability issues of distributed energy resources (DERs) lead researchers to development of a novel concept named as virtual power plant (VPP). VPPs are supposed to carry out intelligent, secure, and smart energy…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-08-31 Muneeb Ul Hassan , Mubashir Husain Rehmani , Jinjun Chen

This paper presents a flexible and modular control scheme based on distributed model predictive control (DMPC) to achieve optimal operation of decentralized energy systems in smart grids. The proposed approach is used to coordinate multiple…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2015-08-05 Paul Stadler , Araz Ashouri , Francois Marechal

Virtual power plants (VPPs) are an emerging paradigm that aggregates distributed energy resources (DERs) for coordinated participation in power systems, including bidding as a single dispatchable entity in the wholesale market. In this…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-04-03 Weiqi Meng , Hongyi Li , Bai Cui

The growing penetration of renewable energy sources is expected to drive higher demand for power reserve ancillary services (AS). One solution is to increase the supply by integrating distributed energy resources (DERs) into the AS market…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-02-03 Lorenzo Zapparoli , Blazhe Gjorgiev , Giovanni Sansavini

The increasing penetration of renewable energy resources has transformed the energy system from traditional hierarchical energy delivery paradigm to a distributed structure. Such development is accompanied with continuous liberalization in…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-04-28 Varsha Behrunani , Hanmin Cai , Philipp Heer , Roy S. Smith , John Lygeros

Renewable energy sources, such as wind and solar power, are increasingly being integrated into smart grid systems. However, when compared to traditional energy resources, the unpredictability of renewable energy generation poses significant…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-03-01 Arman Ghasemi , Amin Shojaeighadikolaei , Morteza Hashemi

The notion of Virtual Power Plant (VPP) has been used many times in last years in power systems and for several reasons. As a general trend, the behavior of a classic synchronous generator is to be emulated for a class of conventional grid…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-08-03 B. Marinescu , O. Gomis-Bellmunt , F. Dörfler , H. Schulte , L. Sigrist

Agent-based solutions lend themselves well to address privacy concerns and the computational scalability needs of future distributed electric grids and end-use energy exchanges. Decentralized decision-making methods are the key to enabling…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-10-03 Meiyi Li , Javad Mohammadi , Soummya Kar

This paper proposes a novel reserve-minimizing and allocation strategy for virtual power plants (VPPs) to deliver optimal frequency support. The proposed strategy enables VPPs, acting as aggregators for inverter-based resources (IBRs), to…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-04-11 Xiang Zhu , Guangchun Ruan , Hua Geng

Due to changes in frequency and intensity of extreme weather events, such as heatwaves and storms, power systems around the globe are having to deal with increased imbalance between demand and supply and additional risk of loss of supply,…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-12-01 Edward Moroshko , Weizhe Qin , Desen Kirli , Mohammed Qais , Sotirios Tsaftaris , Aristides Kiprakis

As the penetration of distributed energy resources (DERs) increases, harnessing their flexibility becomes critical for power system operations. Virtual power plants (VPPs) offer a promising solution. However, most existing scheduling tools…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-30 Lorenzo Zapparoli , Paul Fäth , Blazhe Gjorgiev , Giovanni Sansavini

The growing share of proactive actors in the electricity markets calls for more attention on prosumers and more support for their decision-making under decentralized electricity markets. In view of the changing paradigm, it is crucial to…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-05-24 Ni Wang , Remco Verzijlbergh , Petra Heijnen , Paulien Herder
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