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The success of the Adam optimizer on a wide array of architectures has made it the default in settings where stochastic gradient descent (SGD) performs poorly. However, our theoretical understanding of this discrepancy is lagging,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-28 Frederik Kunstner , Jacques Chen , Jonathan Wilder Lavington , Mark Schmidt

Deep learning algorithms - typically consisting of a class of deep neural networks trained by a stochastic gradient descent (SGD) optimization method - are nowadays the key ingredients in many artificial intelligence (AI) systems and have…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-12 Steffen Dereich , Robin Graeber , Arnulf Jentzen

Adaptive optimizers with decoupled weight decay, such as AdamW, are the de facto standard for pre-training large transformer-based generative models. Yet the quadratic nature of the $\ell_2$ penalty embedded in weight decay drives all…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-19 Fu-Ming Guo , Yingfang Fan

NLP research has explored different neural model architectures and sizes, datasets, training objectives, and transfer learning techniques. However, the choice of optimizer during training has not been explored as extensively. Typically,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-13 Nefeli Gkouti , Prodromos Malakasiotis , Stavros Toumpis , Ion Androutsopoulos

Adaptive gradient methods have become popular in optimizing deep neural networks; recent examples include AdaGrad and Adam. Although Adam usually converges faster, variations of Adam, for instance, the AdaBelief algorithm, have been…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-29 Kushal Chakrabarti , Nikhil Chopra

Stochastic gradient descent (SGD) optimization methods such as the plain vanilla SGD method and the popular Adam optimizer are nowadays the method of choice in the training of artificial neural networks (ANNs). Despite the remarkable…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-02-09 Arnulf Jentzen , Adrian Riekert

Through theoretical and experimental validation, unlike all existing adaptive methods like Adam which penalize frequently-changing parameters and are only applicable to sparse gradients, we propose the simplest SGD enhanced method,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-04 Gongyue Zhang , Dinghuang Zhang , Shuwen Zhao , Donghan Liu , Carrie M. Toptan , Honghai Liu

Transformers are difficult to optimize with stochastic gradient descent (SGD) and largely rely on adaptive optimizers such as Adam. Despite their empirical success, the reasons behind Adam's superior performance over SGD remain poorly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-19 Akiyoshi Tomihari , Issei Sato

Adam-type optimizers, as a class of adaptive moment estimation methods with the exponential moving average scheme, have been successfully used in many applications of deep learning. Such methods are appealing due to the capability on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-17 Bingxin Zhou , Xuebin Zheng , Junbin Gao

Training instability in modern deep learning systems is frequently triggered by rare but extreme gradient-norm spikes, which can induce oversized parameter updates, corrupt optimizer state, and lead to slow recovery or divergence. Widely…

It is known that the standard stochastic gradient descent (SGD) optimization method, as well as accelerated and adaptive SGD optimization methods such as the Adam optimizer fail to converge if the learning rates do not converge to zero (as,…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-06-21 Steffen Dereich , Arnulf Jentzen , Adrian Riekert

To fully uncover the great potential of deep neural networks (DNNs), various learning algorithms have been developed to improve the model's generalization ability. Recently, sharpness-aware minimization (SAM) establishes a generic scheme…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-11-22 Tao Li , Weihao Yan , Zehao Lei , Yingwen Wu , Kun Fang , Ming Yang , Xiaolin Huang

Stochastic gradient descent (SGD) optimization methods are nowadays the method of choice for the training of deep neural networks (DNNs) in artificial intelligence systems. In practically relevant training problems, usually not the plain…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-08-01 Steffen Dereich , Arnulf Jentzen

Gradient descent based optimization methods are the methods of choice to train deep neural networks in machine learning. Beyond the standard gradient descent method, also suitable modified variants of standard gradient descent involving…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-04-29 Steffen Dereich , Arnulf Jentzen , Adrian Riekert

Is the standard weight decay in AdamW truly optimal? Although AdamW decouples weight decay from adaptive gradient scaling, a fundamental conflict remains: the Radial Tug-of-War. In deep learning, gradients tend to increase parameter norms…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-06 Hao Chen , Jinghui Yuan , Hanmin Zhang

First-order stochastic optimization methods are currently the most widely used class of methods for training deep neural networks. However, the choice of the optimizer has become an ad-hoc rule that can significantly affect the performance.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-21 Samy Jelassi , Aaron Defazio

Recently, Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD) and its variants have become the dominant methods in the large-scale optimization of machine learning (ML) problems. A variety of strategies have been proposed for tuning the step sizes, ranging…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-08-02 Xiaoyu Li

Modern optimization algorithms that incorporate momentum and adaptive step-size offer improved performance in numerous challenging deep learning tasks. However, their effectiveness is often highly sensitive to the choice of hyperparameters,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-22 Rustem Islamov , Niccolo Ajroldi , Antonio Orvieto , Aurelien Lucchi

While stochastic gradient descent (SGD) is still the most popular optimization algorithm in deep learning, adaptive algorithms such as Adam have established empirical advantages over SGD in some deep learning applications such as training…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-02 Yan Pan , Yuanzhi Li

The best performing Binary Neural Networks (BNNs) are usually attained using Adam optimization and its multi-step training variants. However, to the best of our knowledge, few studies explore the fundamental reasons why Adam is superior to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-22 Zechun Liu , Zhiqiang Shen , Shichao Li , Koen Helwegen , Dong Huang , Kwang-Ting Cheng